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Duncan Campi;eli, Scott, Kso., Deputy Superintendent General of Indian 
Affairs, Canada. 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF INDIAN 
AFF-AIRS IN CANADA 



By FREDERICK H. ABBOTT 
Secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners 



REPORT OF AN INVESTIGATION MADE IN 
1914 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 
THE BOARD OF INDIAN 
COMMISSIONERS 



WASHINGTON. D. C, 
19 15 



r';L.6,3^6 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF INDIAN 
AFFAIRS IN CANADA 



By FREDERICK H. ABBOTT 
Secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners 



REPORT OF AN INVESTIGATION MADE IN 
1914 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 
THE BOARD OF INDIAN 
COMMISSIONERS 



WASHINGTON. D. C, 
19 15 



f-?^i>sH^ 



IS 



a OF !», 
JUli 9 <9t5 






TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Index 7 

List of illustrations 5 

Letter of transmittal to the Secretary of the Interior 16 

Itinerary 18 

Scope of report 20 

Indian management in the two countries compared 20 

Canada's Indian financial policy 31 

Individual Indian money 31 

Office and field organization in the Canadian Indian Service 33 

Canada's Indian School system 36 

Indian marriages and divorces 43 

Enfranchisement of Indians in Canada 44 

Administration of Indian reserves in Canada 45 

A colony for ex-pupils 51 

Six nations 58 

Caughnawaga 63 

The Abenaki 69 

The Hurons at Lorette 70 

The Western Reserves 72 

The Chippewa, Munsee and Oneida 77 

Ojibway of Lake Superior 78 

Edmonton Agency 78 

Hobbema Agency 80 

Sarcee Agency 80 

Blood, Blackfoot and Piegan Reserves 81 

Summary of recommendations 88 

Appendix 90 

Exhibit "A" — How funds are appropriated 90 

Exhibit "B" — Laws regulating Indian reserves 91 

Exhibit "C"— Blank forms 96 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



1. Duncan Campbell Scott, Esq., Deputy Superintendent General of 

Indian Affairs, Canada 1 

2. Royal Northwest Mounted Policemen in uniform 22 

3. Blackfoot Indian girl in full Indian dress 26 

4. Elkhorn Industrial School, Manitoba. Only Indian industrial 

school in Canada not under immediate control of a church 36 

5. Some school children with their grand-parents, Qu'Appelle Indus- 

trial School, Saskatchewan 40 

6. Dairy Barn (exterior), Indian Industrial School, Brandon, Mani- 

toba 40-41 

7. Dairy Barn (interior), Indian Industrial School, Brandon, Mani- 

toba 40-41 

8. Qu'Appelle Industrial School (Roman Catholic), Saskatchewan. 

Largest Indian School in Canada 41 

9. Clerk's residence, Touchwood Hills Agency, Saskatchewan 50 

10. Cottage hospital on File Hills Colony 51 

11. Type of average house, File Hills Colony, showing kitchen which 

serves first years until money is made from crops to build main 
structure 54 

12. The Indian Colony Band, File Hills, Saskatchewan 55 

13. Barn and part of stock belonging to F. Deiter, the first boy to join 

the File Hills Colony nine years ago 56 

14. Threshing on Colony, outfit owned by the File Hills Colony 56 

15. Canada provides ample food for her old Indians. These are 

"Ration" Indians at File Hills Agency, Saskatchewan 56-57 

16. Elijah Dickson, member File Hills Colony, with his first oxen. This 

is the way the student-colonists start 56-57 

17. Lecture on "The Horse" by Deputy Minister of Agriculture to File 

Hills Colony boys 57 

18. Fred Deiter with shield given by Governor General Earl Grey for 

best wheat farmer on File Hills Colony 57 

19. Mohawk Institute, Anglican, near Brantford, Ontario, established 

1783. Most important factor in present civilization of Six Na- 
tions Indians 58 

20. Onondaga Log House, near Middleport, Ontario. Used as Six 

Nations Council House many years ago 59 

21. Six Nations Council in Session, Ohsweken, Ontario. Superinten- 

dent and other Government representatives at desk in front. 
Onondaga, the firekeepers of Council in center ; Seneca and Mo- 
hawk at right. Oneida, Cayuga, Tuscarora and Delaware at left. 63 

22. Home of Chief William Smith, interpreter. Six Nations Council, 

Ohsweken, Ontario 63 

23. Six Nations Agricultural Society Fair at Ohsweken, Ontario, or- 

ganized 48 years ago 64 

24. Catholic Church and missionary's residence, Caughnawaga, Quebec 

(Iroquois), in front of which is held a "town meeting" every 
Sunday after church service. The Jesuits have been with these 



FAOB 

Indians since 1680 65 

25. Frank McDonald Jacobs, Chief of the Caughnawaga (Iroquois). 
Across his shoulders is the largest piece of wampum said to be 

in existence 66 

20. On the banks of the St. Lawrence at Caughnawaga, Quebec 67 

27. Abenaki girls, Pierreville, Quebec 72 

28. Catholic mission of the Abenaki, Pierreville, Quebec 72-73 

29. Rev. Joseph de Gonzague, an hereditary Chief of the Abenaki, at 

Pierreville, Quebec, and their present missionary 72-73 

30. Louis Philippe Bastien, young Indian boy from the Hurons of 

Lorette Band, Quebec 73 

31. Caroline Gros Louis, an expert moccasin maker of the Huron 

Tribe, Lorette, Quebec 73 

:t2. Mt. Elgin Institute (Methodist), Muncey, Ontario 78 

33. Dairy Herd, Mt. Elgin Institute (Methodist), Muncey, Ontario 79 

34. Indian Breaking Bee — Breaking new land on the Enoch Reserve, 

Edmonton, Alberta, season 1914. 300 acres broken in 11 days.. 80 
35 Anglican Day School, established 40 years ago, Garden River Re- 
serve (Ojibway), Ontario 81 

36. Old type of Indian Log House, Blackfoot Reserve, Alberta 88 

37. Improved appearance after owner started farming 88 

38. Typical Indian family, Blackfoot Reserve, Alberta 88-89 

39. Temporary residences of blood Indians on their community farms.. 88-89 

40. Indian out-riders, Blackfoot Reserve, Alberta 89 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Abbott, Frederick H 17,19,89 

Abenaki, The 09-70 

Algonquin 69 

Basket making C9 

Council, The G9 

de Gonzague, Rev. Joseph 69 

Education 70 

Health conditions 70 

History 69 

Home life 69 

Industries 69 

Morals 70 

Population 69 

Administration of Indian reserves in Canada 45-51 

Advantage of Canadian system 51 

Christianity 40-47 

Closed reserve policy 47 

Five Civilized Tribes, Compared with 48-50 

Half-bred Indians, Method of dealing witli 48-49 

History of 46-47 

Land, Indian, character of title to 46-47 

Missionaries 46 

Proclamation, Royal, 176:5 47 

Reserves, Policy of 48-51 

Restrictions imposed 48-49 

Tribal government, Character and development of 49-51 

Algonquin 09-70 

Appendix 90-148 

Athabascan 78 

Bastien, Maurice (Chief Hurons) 71 

Blackfoot 81 

Blood, Blackfoot and Piegan Reserves 81-88 

Cattle raising on Blackfoot Reserve 86 

Cattle raising on Blood Reserve 86 

Cost and character of administration 82 

Destitute Indians, care of 84-86 

Education 88 

Funds for improvements 84 

Handling of stock 86-88 

Health conditions 81 

Industries 81-82 

Population 82 

Ration system on the Blood Reserve 84 

Self-supporting Indians 84-86 

7 



PAGE 

Surrender of land 85 

Brandon School 41 

Canada's Indian financial policy 31 

Appropriation of funds 30-90 

Canada's Indian school system 36-43 

Advantajies of 30,41,89 

Brandon School 41 

Cost of maintaining schools 42 

Cost of sciiool buildings 41 

Contracts between churches and government for schools 37 

Denominational schools 37 

Klkhorn school 37 

Kquipment of schools 41-42 

Games in schools 39 

History of Indian education in Canada 38 

Mount Elgin Industrial School 42 

Personnel of Indians schools 36 

Qu' Appelle Industrial School 39 

Plan of instruction 40 

Relationship between government and churches 38 

Relationship between teachers and pupils 39-40 

Religion in schools 38-39 

Salaries of employees 41-42 

Sault Ste. Marie 42 

Shingwauk Home 42 

Undenominational schools 37 

Caughnawaga 63-68 

Customs and habits 63-64 

F.ducation 64 

Funds of the tribe 66 

Games, Children's 66 

C^ras, Rev. Joseph 67 

Health conditions 67 

Industries 65 

Insurance policies 65 

Jacobs, Frank McDonald 64 

Land, improvements, etc 68 

Laws, regulating 67 

Morals 66-67 

Population 63 

Religion 64 

School benefits 64-66 

Self-government, by-laws for 67-68 

Cayuga 58 

Chippi-wa, Munsee and Oneida, The 77 

Cliipjtewa 77 

Customs and habits 77 

I'.ducation 77 

Funds 77 

8 



PACK 

Health conditions 77 

Industries 77 

Marriage relations 77 

McVitty, Rev. S. R :36, 77 

Middlesex county 77 

Munsee 77 

Oneida 77 

Population 77 

Colony for ex-pupils, a 51-58 

Aged Indians, Care of 56-57 

Band, colony 53 

Colony, description of 52-53 

Council, Indian 58 

Debts of Indians 57-58 

Donation by government to ex-pupils 55 

Earning capacity of ex-pupils 54 

Ente'rtainment 53 

Estimate of products raised and sold 55 

File Hills Agency 51-52 

Form of agreement to settle in colony 54 

Handling of live stock 56 

Health conditions 53 

Home life 53 

Hospitals 52-53 

Literature read by 57 

Location tickets 52 

Sanitary conditions 57 

Cree 27, 73 

Davin, Nicholas Flood 40 

de Gonzague, Rev. Joseph 36, 69 

Delaware Indians 58 

Deposits, Indian 32 

Discussion of reserves visited 51 

Edmonton Agency 78 

Education 79 

Enoch Reserve 79 

Funds 79 

Industries 79 

Legal, Archbishop Emile J 80 

Population 78 

Elkhorn School 37 

Enfranchisement of Indians in Canada 44-45 

Citizenship < 44-45 

Ownership 44-45 

Engineers 34 

Enoch Reserve 44-45 

Ferrier, Rev. Thompson 36 

Field organization 33 

File Hills Agency (see Appendix) 51-52 

9 



PAGG 

Five Civilized Tribes 48-50 

Fort Peck Indians (U. S.) 81 

Fuller. Rev. B. V 36 

Garden River Band 78 

Graham. W. M 58 

Grant. Rev. Andrew S :i6 

Gras, Rev. Josepii C7 

Hobbema Agency 80 

Education 80 

Health conditions 80 

Industries 80 

Population 80 

I lugonard, Rev. Joseph 36, 53, 80 

Hurons at Lorette, The 70-71 

Bastien. Maurice 71 

Education 71 

Government 71 

History 73 

Industries 71 

Languages 71 

Indian marriages and divorces 43-44 

Bigamy 44 

\'alidity of marriages 43-44 

Indian management of the two countries compared SO-29 

Acquiring of titles to lands 23 

Agents, powers of 24-25 

Citizenship rights 27-28 

Clerical force 22 

Complaints against the government 22-23 

Condensed form of laws in Canada 21 

Cost of maintaining Indian administration 21 

Dances, prohibiting of Indian 29-30 

Definition of "Indian" 27-28 

Earning powers of Indians 21, 22, 69 

Education 30 

Employes, investigation and treatment of 26 

Enfranchisement 23 

Ex-pupils 29 

Health 22 

Indian languages 27 

Insurrection 30-31 

Leasing policy 23 

Liquor traffic, suppression of 24-26 

Literature, Cree syllabic 27 

Loan system 29 

Policies discussed 21 

Population 21 

Politics 25 

Property, disposition of personal 28 

10 



PAGE 

Ration system 29-30 

Riel Rebellion ;s0-31 

Scrip, Indian 31 

Self-supporting Indians 23, 28 

Supplies for Indian Service 30 

Trachoma 22 

Tuberculosis 22 

Uprisings 30-31 

Wealth of Canada's Indians as compared to Indians in the United 

States 21 

Individual Indian money 31-32 

Savings of Indians deposited at Ottavv^a 32 

Itinerary 18-19 

Jacobs, Frank McDonald 64 

Laws, Canadian Indian 88-89 

Legal, Archbishop Eniile J 3G 

Management, Indian, of the two countries compared 20-29 

Marriages and divorces 43-44 

McDougall, Rev. John 36 

McVitty, Rev. S. R 36,77 

Mineral 35 

Mohawk Indians 58 

Mount Elgin Industrial School 41 

Mounted Police 19, 24 

Munsee Indians 76-77 

Office and field organization in the Canadian Indian Service 33 

accountant's branch. The 34 

Administration of savings and loans granted to Indians.... 34 

Architects, engineers, etc 34 

Farm operations 34 

Police service 34 

Preparation of estimates for Parliament 34 

Purchase and contract of live stock 34 

Field organization 35-36 

Agents, doctors, inspectors or superintendents 35-36 

Lands and timber branch. The 35 

Disposal of lands 35 

Timber and minerals on Indian lands 35 

Medical attendance 36 

Records branch. The 35 

Filing correspondence and papers 35 

Secretary's branch. The 34 

Books 34 

Election of Chiefs and Councillors 34 

Legal work 34 

Licenses to trade 34 

Schools branch, The 35 

Educational policy, charge of 35 

Surveys branch, The 35 

11 



PAGU 

Locations and surveys of Indian reservations .' ;J5 

Ojibway of Lake Superior 78 

Education 78 

Funds 78 

Garden River Band 78 

Government 78 

Healtli conditions 78 

Industries 78 

Murals 78 

Fupulatiiin 78 

Religion 78 

Oneida 76-77 

Onondaga 5S, 60 

Piegan reserve 81 

Pierreville, Quebec 69 

Qu' Appelle Agency 19,39,40 

Rimmer, Reginald Judge (see Exhibit B) 50 

Royal Proclamation 47 

Royal Northwest Mounted Police 19, 24 

Sac and Fox School 42 

Sault Ste. Marie 42 

Savings (Indian deposits) 32 

Sarcee Agency 80 

Athabascan group 80 

Education 81 

Funds 80 

Health conditions 80 

Population 20 

Scope of report 20 

Scott, Duncan C 17,44,46 

Seneca Indians 58 

Shingwauk Home 42 

Six Nations 58-59 

Council proceedings 60 

Education 60 

Employes on reserve 60 

Fair, agricultural 62-63 

Gi fts from Royalty 59-60 

Health conditions 61 

Land rights, sale of 62 

Loan system 61-62 

Population 58 

Punishment for crimes 61 

Sanitary conditions 61 

Standing BufTalo, complaint of 22. 23 

Summary of recommendations 88-89 

Vaux, Hon. George, Jr 17 

Western Reserves, The 72 

Alberta 73 

12 



PAGE 

Blackf oot 73, 76 

Blood 73 

Buffalo 73,74,75 

Cree 73 

Funds, Indian, method of handling 76 

Hudson's Bay Company 73 

Gifts to Indians 74-75 

Liquor traffic 73 

Manitoba 73 

Reserves, small reasons for 75 

Sarcee 75 

Settlement by white people 75 

Sioux 73 

Surrenders of land, conditions of 75-76 

Trading, early methods of 73 

Treaties, conditions of 74 

Wilson, A. E 36 

Wyandottes 44 



13 



INDEX TO APPENDIX. 



EXHIBIT A— 

How funds arc appropriated 

EXHIBIT B— 

Alienation 

Application of ainiuity or interest money of parent of illegitimate 
or of Indian guilty of desertion 

Control 

Costs of conviction 

Education 

I'^lcctoral franchises 

Enfranchisement 

lixcmption 

Homestead and pre-emption rights 

1 mprovemcnt 

Inciting Indians to riotous acts 

1 lulian dances 

Indian trust funds 

Intoxicating liquors 

Member of Parliament 

Municipal franchise 

Municipal government 

Officials prohibited from trading 

Protection 

Prostitution of Indian women 

Restricted liability to taxation 

Restrictions on contracts and exemptions from seizure 

Tenure of land by Indians 

Thefts from Indian graves 

i:XHIBIT C-BLANK FORMS 

Application for admission to residential Indian schools 

Application for withdrawal of savings 

Application for commutation of annuity 

Certificate of health 

Cheque form 

Comparative statement of live stock 

Consent of band to commutation of annuity 

Conviction when the punishment is by imprisonment 

Conviction for a penalty to be levied by distress and in defatilt of 

sufficient distress by imprisonment 147 

Conviction for a penalty, and in default of payment, imprison- 
ment 148 

Declaration of Chief or Councillor 9S 

Farmer's return 117-120 

Form of estimate submitted to Deputy Superintendent-General 

Indian Affairs by Indian Agents 115 

I'orm of surrender of part of Blackfoot Reserve 90 

I'orm (if release signed by Indians when reserve lands are sur-- 

14 



PAGE 

rendered 97 

Form for loan of band property to individual members of band. Ill 
Form of quit claim used by the Council of the Six Nations to 

secure loan of band funds to individual Indians 112-113 

Form of summons used by Chiefs of Six Nations 138 

Form letter disposing of beef funds 123 

Half-yearly return of live stock 125 

Indian Agent's monthly report 116 

Indian Agent's credit certificate to Indians 109-110 

Indian location ticket 103 

Individual holders of live stock 125 

Individual live stock record 127-128 

Information and complaint under oath 136 

Information to obtain a search warrant 142 

Order form used on Blackfoot Reserve to obtain credit for 

Indians 114 

Permit to sell 135 

Permit to sell horses 124 

Plan of sale of surplus Indian lands 104 

Prize list for File Hills Agency exhibition, August, 1911 134 

Record of crops sown, harvested, hay put up, new land broken, 

acres summer fallowed, etc., by individual Indians, season. . .130-132 

Relief of destitute 105 

Return of conviction for supplying intoxicants 106 

Seed grain 120 

Summons to a witness 137 

Summons for a witness in the first instance 139 

Sunnnons to defendant 140 

Trader's license 107 

Warrant for a witness in the first instance 139 

Warrant of a commitment 143 

Warrant to apprehend defendant in first instance 144 

Warrant to apprehend defendant when summons is disobeyed 145 



IS 



Washington, April 14, 1915. 
My dear Mr. Secretary: 

In accordance with a resolution of the Board of Indian Commis- 
sioners, adopted on February 4, 1915, there is transmitted herewith 
a copy of the report of Mr. F. H. Abbott, Secretary of the Board, 
on Indian administration in Canada. 

Cordially yours, 

(Signed) George Vaux, Jr., 

Chairman. 

Honorable Franklin K. Lane, 
Secretary of the Interior, 
Washington, D. C. 



16 



The Administration of Indian Affairs in Canada. 



Honorable George Vaux, Jr., 

Chairman, Board of Indian Commissioners, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Dear Chairman Vaux : 

On August 24, 1914, you directed me to make a first-hand study 
of the methods and policies of Indian administration in Canada. 
This was after an informal discussion of the subject at the Atlantic 
City meeting of the Board last August and after Commissioner 
Ayer had presented the matter informally to the Secretary of the 
Interior. 

The general purpose of my investigation was expressed in your 
letter to the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs in 
Canada, as follows : 

Duncan C. Scott, Esq., 

Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Afifairs, 
Ottawa, Canada. 
Sir: 

At a recent meeting of the Board of Indian Commissioners, it was decided, 
with your permission, to have our Secretary make a study of your sys- 
tem of managing Indian affairs. The information obtained from such 
an investigation would be laid before the Secretary for the United States 
Department of the Interior with the hope that methods of legislation and 
administration in connection with Indian affairs in this country might be 
improved thereby. To this end we hope, at your pleasure, to have our 
Secretary and perhaps one member of our Board call on you at an early 
date. In addition to the study of methods of administration in your 
office, we desire to have our Secretary visit various Indian communities in 
Canada where conditions of Indian Hfe may be observed. A period of 
eight weeks has been tentatively decided upon for the proposed investigation. 
I shall be pleased to know, at your early convenience, what date will 
be most agreeable to you for us to call at your office in Ottawa, and also 
to have any suggestions which you think will be of value to us in making 
the proposed investigation. 
I have the honor to be, Sir, 

Yours respectfully, 

George Vaux, Jr., 
Chairman, Board of 
Indian Commissioners. 

Mr. Scott's reply to this letter was favorable and most cordial. 
In response to his suggestion, I presented myself at his office in 
Ottawa, and with his advice formulated the plan of my proposed 
mvestigation. 



18 

I cannot find words strong enough adequately to acknowledge 
the courtesy and the tine spirit of the assistance extended to nie 
personally and officially by Mr. Scott. This same spirit, I may 
say, extended from Mr. Scott to his assistants in the office and in 
the field. Nothing was withheld and every official of the department 
1 met throughout my seven weeks' trip made every effort possible 
to help me to get at the very heart of the information desired by me. 

I began with four days' study of organization and methods in 
the Ottawa office, then went to the field, where I inquired into 
conditions of sixteen agencies and twenty-six boarding, industrial 
and day schools. A part of the time I was accompanied by rc])- 
resentatives of Mr. Scott's staff from Ottawa and all the time 
I was assisted by field men, who were acting under instructions 
from Mr. Scott, to "tell Mr. Abbott all he wants to know." 

Upon my return from the field, I spent two more days in the 
Ottawa office rounding out information concerning questions which 
had arisen during my field trip. Special typewritten memoranda 
were prepared for me under Mr. Scott's direction and references 
given to printed documents containing data on the subjects of mv 
investigation. I am especially indebted also to Mr. Scott for criti- 
cally reading this report and for his verification of the historical 
and statistical information contained therein. Thus, while my trij) 
was crowded into a space of about seven w-eeks, a period entirely 
too short to enable me to lay claim to a thorough knowledge of manv 
of the problems of the individual Indians, the assistance which 1 
received everywhere in Canada enabled me, I believe, to obtain a 
comprehensive view of Canada's methods and policy of dealing 
with her native tribes. 

ITINERARY. 
My itinerary in brief was as follows: 

Aiujust 27. 28, 20. :;0— Indian Department, Ottawa. 

August 31 to September 2 — Agencj', Six Nations of tlie Grand Kiver. Ohswe- 
ken, Ontario; one day school, and Molunvk Institute (.Anglican), Brant- 
ford, Ontario. 

September 2 and ?, — Mount Elgin Industrial Institute (Methodist), Muncey. 
Ontario ; the reserves of the Chippewa, Munsee and Oneida of the 
Thames; one day scliool (Chippewa) ; two day schools (Oneida). 

September 4 and 5 — Indian Department, Ottawa. 

September 6 — Reserve of the Iroquois of Cauglmawaga, Caughnawaga. 
Quebec. 



19 

September 7 — Reserve of the Abenaki of St. Francis, Pierreville, Quebec; 
also Roman Catholic day school. 

September 8 — Reserve of the Huron of Lorette, Que., also Roman Catholic 
day school. 

September 9 — Iroquois of Caughnawaga ; three days schools (two Roman 
Catholic, one Methodist). 

September 10 — Indian Department, Ottav^^a. 

September 11 — En route. 

September 12— Reserve of the Gordon River Band of Ojibway of Lake 
Superior, Eastern Division, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario ; two day schools 
(one Roman Catholic, one Church of England) ; the Shingwauk and 
Wawanosh Homes (Anglican), at Sault Ste. Marie. 

September 13 to 16 — En route and office correspondence. 

September 17— Brandon Industrial School (Methodist), Brandon, Manitoba. 

September 18 and 19 — Elkhorn Industrial School (undenominational). Elk- 
horn, Manitoba. 

September 20— Qu' Appelle Industrial School (Roman Catholic), Lebret, 
Saskatchewan. 

September 21 to 25— The following reserves under File Hills Agency: 
Peepeekesis, Star Blanket (Cree) ; under Touchwood Hills Agency: 
Gordon's Reserve, Poor Man's Reserve and Muscowequan's Reserve 
(Cree); under Qu' Appelle Agency: Standing Buffalo's Reserve and 
Fort Qu' Appelle, also File Hills Boarding School (Presbyterian^, 
File Hills; Gordon's Boarding School (Anglican), Punnichy; Muscowe- 
quan's Boarding School (Roman Catholic). Lestock, all in Saskatche- 
wan. 

September 20 — Regina, Saskatchewan ; headquarters of the Northwest 
Mounted Police ; studying relation to Indian administration. 

September 27 — En route. 

September 28 — Edmonton Indian Agency, Edmonton, Alberta ; Enoch Re- 
serve (Cree), also St. Albert Boarding School (Roman Catholic), St. 
Albert, Alberta. 

September 29 — Hobbema Indian Agency, Hobbema, Alberta; Ermineskin's 
Reserve and Samson's Reserve (Cree) ; also Samson's Day School 
(Methodist), and Ermineskin's Boarding School (Roman Catholic). 

September oO— Sarcee Indian Agency, Calgary, Alberta; reserve and Sarcee 
Boarding School (Anglican). 

October 1 — Piegan Indian Agency, Brocket, Alberta. 

October 1 and 2 — Blood Indian Agency and Reserve, Macleod, Alberta; also 
Blood Boarding School (Roman Catholic), and hospital. 

October 3 and 4 — Blackfoot Indian Agency, Gleichen, Alberta. 

October 5 and 6 — File Hills Agency, colony for ex-students; also supple- 
mentary visit to Qu' Appelle Industrial School. 

October 7— Met delegation Sioux Indians from Standing Buffalo's Reserve, 
at Qu' Appelle Industrial School. 

October 8 to 10— En route to Ottawa. 
October 10 and 11 — Indian Department, Ottawa. 



20 
Scope of Report. 

In presenting to you the results of my investigation I shall 
endeavor to make ni\- report more than a mere exposition of 
Canadian method and policy of handling Indians, or a series of 
stories about the places visited ; more than a mere recital of what 
I deem the strong or weak spots in the Canadian system. 

My trip grew out of a profound conviction on the part of the 
Board that there are defects, some of them serious and fundamental, 
in the system of Indian administration which has been developed 
in the United States ; out of the Board's earnest desire to discover, 
if possible, a real remedy for some of these defects and a hope 
that I might llnd in the Canadian system, policies and methods, 
the adoption of which in this country might lead to that end. It 
shall be my aim to make my report, so far as possible, respond to 
these large purposes. 

Having in mind the thousands of pages of laws and rules and 
regulations, many of them undigested, conflicting and inharmonious, 
which hamper efficiency in the Indian Service of our country, every 
step of my investigation, whether in the office in Ottawa or in 
the field, was taken with the following questions constantly in 
mind : What laws, what rules and regulations, what methods, what 
aims, what policies govern in doing similar things in the United 
States? What is the comparative cost of doing them in the two 
countries? What, the comparative number of employes engaged? 
What percentage, comparatively, of the energy of the administra- 
tive machinery reaches the individual Indian in the form of real 
uplift and what percentage is absorbed in the friction of use- 
less red-tape? What is the com])arative reaction of the systems of 
the two countries on Indian manhood? 

Studying the situation in the light of these questions, I am pro- 
foundly convinced that Canada's Indian policy contains much that 
is immeasurably superior to our own, much that it is not too 
late for us to imitate to advantage. 

Indian Management in the Two Countries Compared. 

Canada has had a fixed Indian ])olicy, made secure by indefniite 
tenure of office at the head of the Indian De]iartment. The Indian 
policy in the United States has been vacillating, changing with 
each new administration and almost from year to year. 

There was not a single transfer of an agency employee in the 



21 

entire field service of Canada, in 1913. A large percentage of 
the employes on reservations in the United States are transferred 
each year. 

Canada has an Indian Act; it is contained in fifty-four pages 
and is fully indexed. A thousand such pages would not contain 
the Indian law of the United States. 

The regulations in the form of instructions to Indian agents 
in Canada are contained in ninety-two short paragraphs which 
would fill less than three columns in a newspaper. A Sunday edition 
of a New York newspaper would not contain the rules and regula- 
tions of the United States Indian Service. 

The Canadian Indian school regulations are contained in a book- 
let of eight pages, which would occupy little more than one column 
in a newspaper. The regulations of the United States Indian 
Schools fill forty-two pages. 

I could have brought Canada's laws, rules and regulations relating 
to Indian administration all back to Washington with me in my 
coat pocket. 

Canada's Indian population is 98,771 on reserves, 5,000 (esti- 
mated) ofif reserves, and .50,000 (estimated) half-breeds, who, 
in Canada, are not Indians, making a total of 143,774, nearly one- 
half the total Indian population of the United States. The part 
of this population which is on reserves is distributed over 4,930,608 
acres in 1570 reserves under 107 agencies, as compared with 71,- 
910,941 acres and 193 reservations under 118 agencies or superin- 
tendencies in the United States. 

Notwithstanding the greater comparative difficulty and larger 
relative cost of administration on the smaller and more widely 
scattered reserves in Canada, the per capita cost of Indian admin- 
istration there, including schools, is less than $20, as compared with 
about $40 per capita in the United States, and despite this smaller 
comparative cost of administration in Canada, my observations on 
22 different reserves convince me that there is undoubtedly closer 
supervision of individual Indians there than on the reservations of 
the United States. 

The Indians of Canada, possessing wealth estimated at $61,- 
170,458.57 in 1913, as compared with an estimated wealth of nearly 
$1,000,000,000 possessed by the Indians of the United States, earn 
by their own efi^orts an income from their property and from their 
labor, of more than two dollars to one dollar earned by the Indians 
of the United States. The total income of the Indians of the 
United States in 1913 from wages, agricultural products and live 



22 

stock was $7,392,814, as compared with an income of $5,787,643.03 
earned by the Indians of Canada, the average per capita income 
in Canada being about $56, as compared with $26 in the United 
States. Taking agricultural products alone, the per capita com- 
parison is $16 in Canada against $1;') in the United States. One 
hundred thousand Indians in Canada earn almost as much in wages 
as is earned by three hundred thousand Indians in the United 
States, the exact figures for ]!)13 in the two countries being: 

Canada $1,530,029.86 

United States 2,065,124.00 

In Indian trust funds, Canada had $7,287,153.24, as against 
$38,045,686.30 in the United States in 1913. 

In the transaction of the business of 110,000 Indians in one 
year, the Indian Department of Canada receives annually approxi- 
mately 40,000 letters. The Indian Office of the United States re- 
ceived 275,452 letters in 1913. In other words, the headquarters 
force in Canada handles one letter to seven handled in the Wash- 
ington office in the United States. This is true, notwithstanding 
the fact that Canada has over eight reserves to one in the United 
States. 

There are only two stenographers employed in the entire Indian 
field service of the Dominion of Canada and only 37 clerks, as com- 
pared with approximately 600 stenographers and clerks in the 
United States Indian Service. 

While tuberculosis is prevalent among the Indians of Canada, 
it apparently is under more effective control than it is_ among the 
Indians of this country. For years, simple but systematic efforts 
have been made toward cleanliness and sanitation in homes and 
camps. 

Trachoma is scarcely known at all in eastern Canada and only 
rare cases are found among the Plains Indians in the west. While 
I asked about trachoma at every school or agency visited, I found 
but two superintendents of Indian schools or Indian agents east 
of the province of Saskatchewan who knew what the word meant, 
and they knew it not from experience but from reading literature 
about the Indians in the United States. 

I talked with many Indians in Canada, but not from one did I 
hear a word of complaint against their government. The only 
note of dissatisfaction which reached my ears came from Standing 
Buffalo and four other Sioux Indians and their complaint was not 



23 



against the Canadian government but against the United States. 
Standing Buffalo told me that his father had come from the United 
States with a small band at the time of the Minnesota massacre, 
because he was unwilling to join in the assault upon the white 
settlers ; his father had drawn three annuities in the United States 
and had told him that the United States ought to pay annuities 
to his children in Canada. He had never received any annuities 
and asked me to try to get them for him. He told me that his 
people received no annuities or other assistance from Canada and 
they had to work very hard. But, when I asked him if his people 
would like to return to the United States to live, he replied: "No, 
we have visited our friends in the United States many times — 
we would not trade places with them. We are getting along all 
right. Our government treats us right." These Indians receive 
no assistance from the Canadian government, except the use of 
a small reserve and free education. They are self-supporting and 
are counted among the best Indians in Canada. 

''Land grafter" is a phrase unknown in Indian affairs in Canada, 
so completely safe-guarded is Indian land. The explanation is 
simple ; the Indian reserves in Canada are what we call in our 
country "closed" reserves; they are not allotted. An Indian does 
not acquire title to an individual tract of land on the reserve either 
in trust or in fee until he has become enfranchised, and enfran- 
chisement is a long and tedious process. He is "located" on such 
land as he is willing and able to use, but his possessory right ad- 
heres only so long as he makes beneficial use of it, failing in which, 
another Indian by paying for the permanent improvements, may be 
"located" on the same land. One Indian may sell his improve- 
ments and his occupancy right to another Indian, never to a white 
man, and a white man may not acquire rights on a reserve even by 
marrying an Indian woman, nor do his children by an Indian 
woman acquire rights. But the woman is assisted to terminate her 
tribal relations in such cases. Her annuities, interest, moneys and 
rents are commuted to her, ten years' income being paid to her at 
once. 

Leases of land to white men on Indian reserves can be made only 
by and with the consent of the council of the band and the Indian 
Department. The result is what would naturally be expected ; 
the rental income from leased Indian agricultural lands in Canada 
amounts to about $100,000 a year, as compared with approximately 
$4,500,000 in the United States. 

In the suppression of the liquor traffic the Canadian system is more 



24 

efficient and much more economical than ours. For this purpose the 
Pariiament of Canada appropriates $4,000 a year as compared with 
our $100,000 a year. The Canadian law is also more comprehensive 
than ours, including in its scope every possible sort of intoxicant 
or opiate or derivative thereof. Its enforcement is sure and 
prompt. The informant in every case receives half the fine and 
the other half is turned into a general fund to be used in the 
suppression of the liquor traffic. This fund, for the year 1913-J4, 
amounted to $10,005.89. It is made the special duty of every em- 
ployee in the Indian Service to aid in the enforcement of this law 
and no .special force is employed. One of the most effective 
agencies in the enforcement of the Canadian liquor law in the 
western provinces is the Royal Northwest Mounted Police. These 
red-coated police officers are a real terror to the law breaker, and 
a man they go after seldom escapes. There is still another factor, 
which counts more than those just mentioned, in making effective 
the Canadian Indian liquor laws. Indian agents in Canada are 
given magisterial jurisdiction by the Indian Act. The Indian agent 
is ex-officio a justice of the peace and has the power and authority 
of two justices of the peace within the territorial limits of his 
jurisdiction. He is competent to try any case of infraction of 
the Indian Act regarding the liquor traffic. Cases are brought 
before him and conviction follows promptly when tiie charge is 
supported by the testimony of two reputable witnesses. The long 
delays and the tremendous expense attached to the procedure in 
the United States, where Indian witnesses are often required to 
travel hundreds of miles to go before grand juries, at large ex- 
pense and subject to constant danger of being given whisky while 
waiting for the trial, do not exist in Canada. The oft'ender is 
tried promptly and he is tried before the Indian agent. Under the 
Canadian Indian Act, the Indian who drinks the whisky as well 
as the Indian or white man who sells or gives it to him, is punished. 
I was fortunate enough to see the machinery for the enforcement 
of the Canadian liquor law in operation in one case. An accident to 
an automobile in which I was riding sent me to a garage for assist- 
ance late one evening. There I saw an Indian with his wife 
paying the garage manager for an automobile which liad brought 
them frgm a neighboring town. I observed that the Indian had 
been drinking and when the Indian agent with whom I liad been 
riding reached the garage a few minutes later, I told him 1 had 
seen my first drunken Indian in Canada. He immediately learned 
the name of the Indian from the garage manager and I walked 



25 

with him a few blocks in the little town to find the Northwest 
Mounted Policeman for that territory. To him the Indian's name 
and the facts were communicated. Within two hours from that 
moment the Indian had been arrested while he was sitting drunk 
in his buggy in front of his house on the reserve ten miles dis- 
tant. The next morning before ten o'clock the Indian had been 
tried, convicted and fined and had informed on a white man in a 
neighboring town who had sold him the liquor and the latter 
on the following day was apprehended, tried, convicted and fined. 
All this not only with no extra expense to the Government, but with 
an increase in the general fund I have mentioned, which is built 
up of the fines imposed on law-breakers. 

In the Canadian Indian Act, intoxicants are defined as follows : 

"All spirits, strong waters, spirituous liquors, wines, or fermented or 
compounded liquors, or intoxicating drink of any kind whatsoever, and 
any intoxicating liquor or fluid, and opium, and any preparation thereof, 
whether liquid or solid, and any other intoxicating drug or substance, and 
tobacco or tea mixed or compounded or impregnated with opium or with 
other intoxicating drugs, spirits or substances, and whether the same or 
any of them are liquid or solid." 

A splendid spirit of co-operation exists between the various re- 
ligious denominations in Canada and the government, in the schools 
as well as on the reserves. This, no doubt is due to the fact that 
the churches conduct the greater number of the Indian schools 
in Canada, and thus learn by daily contact with the Indian the 
difficulties of the government's task. 

Partisan politics, as understood in this country, by common con- 
sent of all parties in Canada, have long been relegated to the back- 
ground in the administration of Indian affairs. The present efificient 
head of the Indian Department in Canada, Mr. Duncan C. Scott, 
has been in the Indian Service for thirty-five years, working up 
through the various divisions of the Department, and I found many 
superintendents in the field service who had been in the harness 
from fifteen to thirty-five years and at every reserve I visited, 
without exception, I think, I found men, either in the position of 
agent or in subordinate positions who had been there long enough 
to learn the language of the Indians under them. The Indian 
agent appointed by any party in Canada, in accordance with the 
well established unwritten law, will continue to hold his position 
indefinitely regardless of changes in party control, provided he 
refrains from political activity in the elections and does his task 



26 



honestly and well. Permanency of tenure likewise characterizes 
the methods of most of the churches in their missionary' activities, 
many of their workers in the schools, as well as on the reserves, 
having remained long enough in a given ])lace to learn the language 
of the Indians. 

In Canada there is no muck-raking of men in the Indian Service 
and there are no "sleuths" connected with the Indian Depart- 
ment to dog the trails of agents and other employes every time 
a breath of criticism or suspicion is borne to the ears of the head- 
quarters service. There, employes are treated with dignity and 
respect and are presumed to be honest until the contrary is shown. 
Frequent audit of the accounts of superintendents and frequent 
inspections for constructive purposes, combined with the simplicity 
of regulations and clearness of laws are a safeguard against mis- 
takes and a stinmlus to honest and efihcient conduct. When a 
superintendent is found incompetent he is almost invariably dropped 
from the service and not transferred elsewhere as happens too 
often in this country. Officers under charge or investigation arc 
never suspended and subjected to humiliating and discipline-destroy- 
ing third-degree ordeals which leave behind dissensions among em- 
])loyes and distrust and unrest among the Indians. In short, every 
subordinate Indian field ofBcial in Canada is treated as a man and 
not as a suspicious character who needs watching. Having no hope 
under such a system of hounding men out of the service without 
sufficient cause, outside influences seldom make charges against 
Indian Service employes without first having something besides sus- 
picion, or pretense of suspicion, upon which to base their charges. 
The result is a spirit of loyalty and an esprit de corps in the Canadian 
Indian Service which have no counterpart in the Indian Service in 
the United States. The lack of "sleuths" as a part of the Canadian 
system does not mean that slip-shod standards of conduct are 
tolerated; in 191.3 there were 25 dismissals from the service for 
cause. 

Canada never has nursed the delusion tliat her Indians can be 
made into white men in one generation, as has apparently been 
the belief of many in ihc United States, if our legislation is to be 
taken as a criterion. Ik-r Indian Act and her ])olicy of adminis- 
tration from the beginning have contemplated the necessity of per- 
haps four or five generations or more of education and training 
in the art of self-government before inaugurating the "root-hog- 
or-die" pcjlicy involved in the application of our general allotment 
Act. Starting out on this broad theory, Canada has not deliberately 




r.kiLkloot Indian Girl in full Indian Dress. 



27 



legislated tribal councils out of existence as we in the United States 
sometimes have done, but on the contrary she has definitely rec- 
ognized the necessity of utilizing the Indian council as an elementary 
school of citizenship in which ideas and ideals of responsible rep- 
resentative self-government are to be nursed and developed. 

Canada has not made the mistake that we have often made, of 
attempting to destroy the native Indian languages and arts. On 
the oldest reserves in Canada where a few of the Indians have 
developed to the point where they have been enfranchised and 
lost their identity as Indians ; on others where they have developed, 
as Indians, a civilization equal to that of the white men in adjacent 
communities, they have retained their mother tongue and in many 
cases their ancient arts of basketry and beadwork, moccasin and 
snow-shoe making. The uneducated Cree, one of the largest tribes 
in Canada, are reached by means of a syllabic character language 
invented by a Methodist missionary, the Rev. James Evans, in 
1840. Newspapers printed in this language, as well as the bible 
and hymns, have been published by missionary societies, and the 
government prints circulars in the same characters. In no instance 
has the government laid the axe at the root of an Indian language. 

Instead of barring the use of government funds for religious 
instruction in the Indian schools, Canada has not only encouraged 
it, but has paid for such instruction ; she has absolutely placed 
the schools in sectarian hands, frankly spending money for the pur- 
pose of making her Indians Christians. The Indian Act itself 
declares that where there are a number of Indian youth of school 
age belonging to a certain church, the government shall, upon re- 
quest of the Indians, furnish for their instruction, a teacher be- 
longing to such denomination. 

Since the confederation of the colonial possessions of Great 
Britain in North America was made by the Act of the Imperial 
Parliament known as the British North American Act, Canada has 
had an advantage, inestimable for its Indian policy, of having only 
one power competent to legislate for Indians, that is the Federal 
Parliament. By this Act the right to legislate for Indians and In- 
dian lands is given to the Dominion. Canada does not have three 
or four kinds of Indian citizens as we do in this country. The In- 
dian act stands out with the definition of an Indian as follows : 

First — Any male person of Indian blood reputed to belong to a particular 
band. 

Second — Any child of such person. 

Third — Any woman who has or was lawfully married to such person. 



28 

It provides definitely the steps by which tlie Indian can attain to 
full citizenship; and instead of leaving him between Scylla and 
Charybdis as to his legal status, as we have done in some cases in 
the United States, making him subject to the Federal Government 
for one purpose, to the State Government for another (and in some 
cases, as among the Pueblos and in the State of New York and in 
Iowa, absolutely uncertain as to what government or authoritj' 
he is responsible to), Canada provides definitely, and without am- 
biguity, a judicial means for the protection of the Indian and his 
jiroperty, as well as for his punishment when he does wrong. This 
])rocedure is so clear that he who runs may read ; it is in striking 
contrast with the hap-hazard judicial system or lack of system, 
found in the so-called courts of Indian ofifenses on unallotted 
Indian reservations in the United States, where the list of of- 
fenses, and the measures and method of punishment to be found 
are as variable as the unregulated judgments of the various super- 
intendents who really direct the Indian courts, from whose deci- 
sion there is no appeal, to which no definite jurisdiction is given 
l)y law and for the execution of whose decisions no definite local, 
legal machinery is provided. 

An individual Indian in Canada may sell or buy or otherwise 
dispose of personal property or money to his credit without writing 
to Ottawa for authority. The cumbersome individual Indian money 
system in vogue in this country is unknown there. The Canadian 
Indian, while more supervised and advised and even more restricted 
in the handling of his live stock or farm produce than the Indian 
in this country, still is left free to find the best market or to make 
the best purchases possible and given practically full control of his 
resources and the Indian agent is not hampered by being required 
to keep an elaborate set of books with the bank on behalf of in- 
dividual Indians and to write hundreds of letters to the Ottawa 
office for authority to take every step along the w^ay. lie acts ac- 
cording to his best judgment in permitting the Indian to handle his 
])ersonal property, while he sends monthly reports of what he does 
to the head office. Meanwhile, the Indian is getting daily training 
in individual responsibility and every-day business practices, under 
the constant advice of the superintendent. 

The "returned student" is given special attention in Canada. One 
of the first instructions to Indian agents in Canada declares: 

\t may be stated as a first principle that it is tlic policy of the department 
to promote self-support among the Indians and not to provide irratuitous 
assistance to those Indians who can i)rovidc for themselves. 



29 

Under this instruction, about the only kind of assistance that 
is given outright to "returned students" is good advice. A loan 
system, not different in principle from the reimbursable loan system 
inaugurated in this country four years ago, has been in successful 
operation in Canada for perhaps twenty years. The details of 
this system and of the aid given to "returned students" I shall dis- 
cuss under a separate section, where I shall describe in detail a 
colony of "returned students," which is the best thing in Indian 
administration I have ever seen. This "Students' Colony" plan is 
similar in many respects to the student colony among the Navaho 
at Ship rock, N. M., started a few years ago by Superintendent W. 
T. Shelton. 

Definite assistance is given by the Canadian government to stu- 
dents of Indian schools who show special aptitude or proficiency, 
in some cases scholarships being provided in agricultural colleges 
for the Indian boy who lives on a reserve especially adapted to 
agriculture, and in other cases where special aptitude for a profes- 
sional career is shown, scholarships in colleges, universities or pro- 
fessional schools are awarded. 

The Canadian government, like ours, recognizes the demoraliz- 
ing eiifect of rations upon the incentive of her Indians, but she has 
not carried her opposition to the ration system to the absurd extent 
of letting her Indians starve through her theoretical opposition to 
the system. She frankly recognizes, as this government ought to, 
that it takes time to change a race of people, some of whom barely 
a generation ago were living from the chase, and having buffalo 
meat as almost their sole diet, into a people realizing the necessity of 
self-support through labor and having knowledge of the industrial 
arts of the white man ; she has not starved her Indians into easy 
victims of tuberculosis and intemperance by subordinating a condi- 
tion to a theory. 

Canada has legislated against the Indian dance where mutilation 
of the body is practiced and has discouraged Indians from joining 
wild west shows where the idealistic religious ceremonies of the In- 
dian are commercialized and cheapened. But, her administrators of 
Indian affairs have avoided the extremes of a group of senti- 
mentalists in our country, who, not able to discriminate between 
what is real art and religion and that which is a degradation of art 
and religion, have insisted upon interfering with the personal and 
religious rights of Indians, by urging the prohibition of Indian cere- 
monial dances and the suppression of all Indian art, with the belief 
that thereby the Indian could more quickly be converted to Chris- 



30 

tianity and to the practice of the white man's arts and civilization. 

Canada has no central warehouse system for the purchase of 
Indian supplies. In fact the purchases made by the department are 
reduced to the minimum. The necessary supplies for Indians 
who are still considered destitute by the department are contracted 
for after public tenders have l)ccn invited, and the merchandise 
is delivered by the contractor in the agency storehouse or at the 
nearest railway station ; the residential schools are provisioned 
and supi)lied by the cliurchcs who conduct them under the con- 
tract system, and, therefore, the department has no responsibility 
except to see that the supplies are adequate and of good quality. 
Only one residential school, namely, the Elkhorn industrial school, 
is wholly supplied by the department ; all purchases for the agencies, 
comprising the small number of agricultural implements, tools and 
harness issued, and the renewal of equipment, are made locally. 
When these purchases are made from Indian funds the depart- 
ment buys in the open market and in all cases where purchases 
are made by the agents the current rates only are paid. 

Indian schools of Canada are not to be compared as a whole, 
in equipment, with those in the United States ; nor are they superior 
in their methods of industrial or academic instruction. Neither 
are the employes in the field or headquarters service superior in 
personal qualifications or efficiency to those in the United States ; 
I know they do not work as hard. From my observation of the 
Indians on their reserves, I am forced to the conclusion, however, 
that Canada's school system, by encouraging religious instruction 
and avoiding the petty quarrels that exist in some of the Indian 
schools of our country between the dififerent denominations inter- 
ested, has apparently turned out Indians of superior character who 
certainly have more religious faith. 

The ])ages of Canada's record in dealing with her Indians arc 
not without blemish. Human nature is the same everywhere, and 
the white man's attitude toward the Indian in Canada has not 
been difl'crent from that in the United States. Before Confedera- 
tion, in 1H()7, white settlers encroached upon the fertile lands occu- 
pied by Indians; traders took advantage of them; and officials 
charged with disbursing funds or benefits often w^ere lax and 
sometimes dishonest. More recently, the Canadian government 
has also had her troubles. The Riel Rebellion was in 1885. This 
was an insurrection led by a few mixed-bloods in central and western 
Canada in which the frontier settlements were attacked, resulting 
in some loss of life on both sides and ending in the execution 



31 

of the instigators of the trouhle. Delays on the part of the Gov- 
ernment in issuing the half-breeds scrip or giving them land which 
had been promised them, delays which were justifiable from the 
government's point of view, but which were not understood by the 
mixed-bloods caused this so-called rebellion. 

The governments of both countries, I believe, have been guided 
l)y equally high purposes and generous motives in dealing with the 
Indian, and they have been confronted by similar difficulties. 
Canada has been more effective than the United States in carrying 
out her purposes because she has had a definite policy and a system 
of law and administration more simple and better adapted to the 
Indian's character and needs. 

Canada's Indian Financial Policy. 

The day I first called at the office of the Deputy Superintendent 
General of Indian Affairs in Ottawa, a telegram came from Brit- 
ish Colombia, saying that, on account of the European war there 
would not be the usual market for furs, and that the many Indians 
in that territory accustomed to secure credit for their winter sup- 
plies from the fur traders would be deprived of the usual credit 
and in consequence would be in dire want unless assistance could 
be rendered by the government. I asked Mr. Scott if he had 
an emergency appropriation to meet exigencies of this kind. He 
replied, "No, but in emergencies like this the Governor-General 
may sign a special warrant for the sum needed, the same to be 
presented to Parliament for approval within three days after its 
next session." The practical common sense of a financial system 
which would permit this sort of thing impressed me and I inquired 
then into the whole scheme of securing funds for the Indian de- 
partment. While it would be impracticable, of course, to adopt 
the Canadian system of appropriating funds, an outline of the 
system is interesting to compare with our own where both House 
and Senate may hold extensive committee hearings on appropria- 
tion bills and insert new items or change old ones. A brief outline 
of Canada's method of appropriating funds for the Indian de- 
partment, prepared for me by Mr. Scott, will be found in the 
Appendix to this report. (See Exhibit A.) 

Individual Indian Money. 

The economy and efficiency of the Canadian Indian field service, 
the "Outside service" as it is called in Canada, are due largely to 



32 

the measure of responsibility imposed upon the superintendent 
or agent in his hand-to-hand dealing with the Indians under his 
supervision. He never has to say to the Indian, "File your request 
or petition or application and I'll take it up with Ottawa," as our 
superintendents say, "I'll take it u}) with Washington." The super- 
intendent acts immediately and the Indian accordingly respects his 
authority and leans upon him for advice when he needs it. Es- 
pecially elTective and time-saving and satisfactory is the Canadian 
method of handling individual Indian money, which is in detail as 
follows : 

Savings of Indians Deposited at Ottawa. 

Tlic funding of the annuities of Indian pupils is entirely voluntary on 
the part of parents or guardians of the children contributing. 

Forms for use in this connection are sent to the different Indian Agents 
to be filled in with the necessary information when the money is trans- 
mitted to the Department to be placed on deposit. 

The department also supplies the Indian agents with forms upon which 
to make application for the withdrawal of savings on deposit. 

Funds Dealt zuitli by Agents. 

All funds belonging to Indians passing through the Agent's hands are en- 
tered in the cash-lwok and an account is opened in the ledger in the Indian's 
name. These funds are disbursed by official cheque signed by the Indian 
Agent, on the local bank where the funds are deposited to the credit of a 
Trust Account in the Agent's name. In addition to the cheque the Agent is 
required to file in his office in support of each payment made a receipted 
account, or a receipt, signed in duplicate, by the person or persons who 
receive the amount of the cheque. At the end of each month the Indian 
Agent forwards to the department an abstract from his cash-book covering 
the month's transactions, supported by receipts, and a sworn declaration, 
together with a certificate from the manager of the bank covering the 
balance in the bank at the credit of the Indian Agent's Trust Fund Account, 
at the end of the month. A statement showing the balance at the credit 
of each Indian's account at the end of the month is also forwarded. 

The Indian Agent is supplied with an official cheque book, and he must 
account for every cheque. If a cheque is cancelled it must be kept fur the 
Auditor's inspection. 

Contrast this simple plan with the cumbersome plan of our In- 
dian Office, where an account is carried in the bank for each in- 
dividual Indian ; where an Indian cannot cash a check without the 
appro\al of the superintendent, who in turn cannot ap]:)rove it till 
he has secured written authority from Washington, wliicli aulhorily 
may or may not be returned in time to meet the Indian's wants and 



33 

until the Indian, ignorant of the time when the authority may be 
returned, may have made repeated trips to the agency, covering 
long distances for his check. 

Office and Field Organization in the Canadian Indian 
Service. 

A comparison of the administrative organizations for the conduct 
of Indian afifairs in the two countries is illuminating and contains 
many helpful suggestions for us on this side of the line. I have 
already pointed out the comparatively small amount of correspond- 
ence that passes between the field and ofifiice forces, or the "outside" 
and "inside" services as they are called in Canada. This is due, 
largely, to the greater responsibility imposed upon superintendents 
in Canada, especially in the handling of money of individual Indians 
and to the lack of a mass of clerical work which Indian Service em- 
ployees in the United States have to perform in connection with the 
individual allotment of Indian lands. 

There is one feature of the Canadian office organization, or inside 
service, which I think contributes much to efficiency and which 
is very different from our policy of office administration ; the ac- 
countant's branch, corresponding to the accounts or finance division 
in the Indian Office at Washington, is the administrative branch, 
whereas with us, the education and land divisions are the principal 
administrative divisions, while the accounts division has no admin- 
istrative functions whatever. The Canadian plan holds the funds 
and the policy and methods of expenditure constantly under the 
directing eye of the chief of the accountant's branch. In the United 
States Indian Bureau there is no subordinate official who has under 
his eye all the activities of a single school or reservation, and re- 
sponsibility is so divided among different division chiefs, none of 
whom are charged with knowledge of available funds for any 
given reservation or the responsibility for their wise and economic 
expenditure, that it may be said, there is no centralised administration 
of Indian reservations from the Indian Bureau in Washington. 

That those familiar with the business organization of the Indian 
Office in this country may have before them the Canadian plan 
of organization, I give below a brief outline of it: 

There are in the Inside Service of the Department of Indian Affairs seven 
main divisions, as follows : — 

The office of the Deputy Superintendent General, 
The Secretary's Branch, 



34 



The Accountant's Branch, 
The Schools Branch, 
The Lands and Timber Branch, 
The Surveys Branch, and 
The Records Branch, 
the duties of which may be generally defined as follows : — 

The Office of the Deputy Superintendent General: 

All matters affecting the policy of the Department are referred to the 
Deputj"^ Head for final directions. Certain routine matters and matters 
of established policy are dealt with by the branches. The Deputy Superin- 
tendent's office deals with a large amount of personal correspondence and 
has direct supervision of the work of the department in all its ramifications. 

Secretary's Branch: 

This branch controls the correspondence of the department, the prepara- 
tion of reports to His Excellency The Governor General in Council, the 
legal work of the department, the issue of stationery supphes to officials 
of the department both inside and outside service, the supplj^ of books, 
etc., to Indian schools, the issue of licenses to trade on Indian reserves, 
the printing required by the department, the election of Chiefs and Coun- 
cillors under the provisions of the Indian Act, the collection of the statis- 
tics for the annual report, and the supervision of the preparation of returns 
and answers to questions for the Senate and House of Commons. 

The Accountant's Branch: 



This branch has charge of the financial operations of the department, 
the expenditures and revenue for Indian Trust Fund and ParHamentary 
appropriation. It supervises the farming operations, cattle industry, medical 
service and hospitals ; also supervises contracts and -the purchase of all sup- 
plies and live stock, supervises the Inspectors' reports, the Agents" monthly 
reports, the Police Service, distribution of annuities and interest moneys, has 
charge of the administration of Indian savings and loans granted to Indians, 
and prepares the estimates for Parliament. 

This branch, having control of the expenditure and revenue and being 
the custodian of the Trust Fund, might be said to have the general manage- 
ment of all the various business activities of the department. In a word, 
the expenditure of money by this branch is not merely a mechanical series 
of payments or receipts dictated by other branches. The Accountant has 
vital connection with all schemes for the improvement of the Indians' 
condition, (Education, etc., etc. 

Attached to this branch are the architects and engineers of the department 
and a draughtsman whose work it is to prepare the plans and specifications 
for agency buildings, schools and other work. 



35 



Schools Branch: 



This branch has charge of the educational policy of the department and 
the administration of nineteen industrial, fifty-four boarding, and two 
hundred and fifty-one day schools. 

The Lands and Timber Branch: 

This branch controls the disposal of lands, timber and minerals on Indian 
reserves. The work of the branch involves dealings with surrenders of 
land under the provision of the Indian Act, the sale of such lands, keeping 
individual purchasers' accounts, the collection of purchase money and the 
issue of all Crown Grants for such lands ; the issue of location tickets 
under the Indian Act to individual Indians for their holdings on Indian 
reserves, the issue of leases for the lands of individual Indians in accordance 
with the requirements of the Indian Act, the surrender and disposal of 
minerals under regulation, the surrender and disposal of timber on Indian 
reserves, the issue of permits to individual Indians to cut timber on re- 
serves and the protection of Indian reserves against trespassers. 

The Surveys Branch: 

The work of this branch consists of issuing instructions for the location 
and survey of Indian reserves, the preparation and examination of plans, 
field-notes and other returns of survey, the examination of plans and 
valuations of rights of way, station grounds, etc., for railways through 
Indian reserves, for highways, irrigation ditches, bridges, culverts, etc.; 
the drawing of descriptions for all lands sold by the department, the prepara- 
tion of maps and plans showing Indian reserves. 

The Records Branch: 

The work of this branch may be stated to consist of receiving, registering 
and filing correspondence, looking up old records and indexing the official 
letter-books. 

Field Organiaation: 

The field organization consists of agents, doctors and inspectors or super- 
intendents. Each agency is in the direct charge of an Indian Agent, and 
where conditions necessitate there is in addition to the agent a clerk, 
farmer or stock-man, interpreter, etc. In the Maritime provinces the work 
of the agents is supervised by two superintendents who work under the 
direction of the department ; in Ontario and Quebec their work is supervised 
by two inspectors. As regards the western provinces and the territories, 
there are a chief inspector, three inspectors for Manitoba, two for Sas- 
katchewan, one for Alberta and one for the portion of the northwest terri- 
tories which has been included in treaty (No, 8), There is also an inspector 
of Indian agency accounts for the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, 

In British Colombia there are three inspectors of Indian agencies and 
an inspector of Indian schools. 



36 



All inspectors report direct to the (leput\- minister of the department. 
When their reports are dealt with at headquarters the agent's report is 
subject to either praise or blame and a copy of the letter based on the 
reports is sent to the Inspector himself. The inspector is kept in contact with 
the work of the agencies by monthly reports which are transmitted by the 
agent to the department through the inspector's ofificc. 

In the Yukon the department has an Indian superintendent. 

Medical Attendance: 

In only half a dozen instances are the services of the medical attendants 
engaged exclusively for the Indians. In all other cases the medical officers 
are general practitioners who for a stated remuneration attend the Indians. 

Canada's Indian School System. 

The half -day plan of academic instruction and the methods of 
industrial education in the Canadian schools are similar to those 
in our Indian schools. Consideration of this subject, therefore, may 
be confined largely to a discussion of the policy of church manage- 
ment of Indian schools in Canada, which differs radically from 
the policy in this country. My opinions on this policy have been 
formed not only as a result of my observations of Indians and 
Indian schools in the two countries, but from my discussions with 
men in charge of these schools representing both the church and 
government. Among the representatives of churches to whom I 
am especially indebted for very interesting information and opinions 
on the subject are: 

Rev. Thompson Ferrier (Methodist), in charge of the Brandon Industrial 

School in Manitoba, who also has general direction of all the Methodist 

Indian schools in Canada. 
Archbishop Emile J. Legal (Roman Catholic), in charge of St. Albert's 

Boarding School, near Edmonton, Alberta. 
Rev. Andrew S. Grant (Presbyterian), in charge of the Presbyterian schools 

in Canada. 
S. R. McVitty (Methodist), principal of the Mount Elgin Industrial School. 

Ontario. 
Rev. Joseph Gras (Roman Catholic), in charge of the school at Caugh- 

nawaga, Quebec. 
Rev. Joseph Hugonard (Roman Catholic), principal of the Qu' Appelle 

Industrial School, Saskatchewan. 
Rev. Joseph* De Gonzague (Roman Catholic), Pierrevillc, Quebec. 
Rev. B. V. Fuller (Anglican), Shingwauk Home, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 
A. E. Wilson (Anglican). Elkhorn Industrial School, Elkhorn, Manitoba. 
Rev. John McDougall (Methodist), former missionary among the western 

tribes. 



37 

The schools are conducted under the following auspices: 

Roman Catholic 81 day, 30 boarding, and 9 industrial. 

Church of England 74 " 15 " " 4 " 

Methodist 37 " 4 " " 4 

Presbyterian 7 " 8 " 

Salvation Army 2 " 

Undenominational 48 " 2 " 

The undenominational schools are supported wholly by the Gov- 
ernment, but in the strict sense they are not undenominational, as 
each one is considered to be under the patronage of either Protestant 
or Catholic pupils. In no case do children of Protestant faith attend 
Catholic schools and vice versa. 

The one industrial school which is nearest a government unde- 
nominational school is the school at Elkhorn and this is really an 
Anglican school. It was taken over by the government because 
the church was unable to maintain the school on the payment of $125 
a year per pupil by the government. It now costs the government 
about $240 per capita to maintain it. 

The churches receive from $80 up to $125 per pupil and they 
keep pupils the year 'round, educate, clothe and subsist them. If 
this income from the government proves insufficient, the church 
organization makes up the deficit. Where only $80 is paid by the 
government, the government furnishes the buildings, and keeps 
up all repairs. When from $100 to $125 is paid, the church furnishes 
the buildings, but the government keeps up repairs. The church 
selects the teachers in all the industrial and boarding schools operated 
by it and in most cases nominates the day school teachers. The 
Indian agent makes a monthly inspection of the schools and reports 
the conditions to the Ottawa office. In two of the eastern provinces 
there is an additional inspection by the school inspector of the 
provinces, who also reports to the Indian department. The con- 
tracts between the churches and the Government provide that the 
teachers furnished by the church shall measure up to the stand- 
ards required by the government ; that the rations furnished shall 
be sufficient and come up to certain definite specifications ; that the 
course of study followed shall be in close conformity to the course 
of study in the province where the Indian school is situated; and 
that the church shall have the pupil for a period of eleven years. 
The remedy of the government, should the church fail to live 
up to any of the requirements, is found in a revocation of the 
contract. 



38 

Two things impressed me particularly about the Canadian Indian 
schools : First, the closeness of the relation between the government 
and the churches which conduct the schools under government 
auspices ; and, second, the homelike atmosphere which envelops 
the schools. 

Indian education in Canada, even to a larger degree than in the 
United States, had its beginning in the efforts of the early mis- 
sionaries, who followed close on the heels of the Hudson's Bay 
Company which established the first trading posts and brought the 
first touch of the white man's civilization to the Indians on the 
Canadian frontier. The first of these missionaries were French 
Jesuits, whose work among and whose influence, especially on the 
Indians of eastern Canada, have extended down to the present day. 
These were followed, beginning with 1634, by John Eliot, whose 
work and that of the New England Company which grew out of it 
in IGGl have had a tremendous influence in the shaping of the In- 
dian educational policy of Canada. 

The dift'erence between Canada and the United States as respects 
the attitude toward the churches which have engaged in educational 
and missionary work among Indians is, that Canada from the 
beginning has frankly recognized her debt to the churches and 
her need of their continued help, whereas the United States Gov- 
ernment, by raising the fetish of "church separation," has weakened 
the effectiveness of missionary work among the Indians and has 
come near to depriving the Indian youth of really beneficial religious 
instruction in the schools. The Indian Act of Canada provides 
that "the chief or chiefs of any band in council may, subject to 
confirmation by the governor in council, make rules and regulations 
as to the religious denomination to which the teacher of the school 
established on the reserve shall belong. If the majority of the 
band belongs to any one religious denomination, the teacher of 
the school established on the reserve shall belong to the same 
denomination. The Protestant or Catholic minority of any band 
may, with the approval of, and under regulations made by the 
governor in council, have a separate school established on the 
reserve." Thus, Canada has expressed in law her belief in religious 
education in the Indian schools and has protected her Indians from 
the dangers of skepticism and confusion in religious thought, which 
inevitably attend the system in the United States, where Catholic 
teachers may by chance be employed to instruct Protestant children 
and vice versa, and where Protestant and Catholic children thrown 
in schools together are exposed to the petty gossip and friction 



39 

which too often find place among missionaries and employees of 
different religious denominations in the same government hoarding 
schools. 

Under the Canadian system the representatives of the church which 
have charge of the children during the eleven years of their school 
life feel, always, the inspiration and pressure of a duty to prepare 
the pupils religiously for the life they are to take up on the re- 
serve, upon their leaving school, under the direction of other rep- 
resentatives of the same church, who are placed on the reserve 
by it to take up and continue the work of religious instruction 
and guidance where it left off at the school. The church having 
the child in its youth learns its character, its desires, its strength, 
its weakness, and by following up the individuals from the school 
to the reserve, is able to offer encouragement where encouragement 
is needed, or protection, or suggestion, or assistance, where these 
are needed. The representative of the school generally keeps in 
touch with the homes of the children, often speaks the language 
of the parents, and the tenure of office of the church school em- 
ployees, like that of the tenure of the agency or reserve employees, 
is permanent, and transfers rare; if an employee turns out to be 
incompetent he generally leaves the service entirely and is not trans- 
ferred to be a misfit elsewhere. 

I have said that I was impressed by the homelike atmosphere 
surrounding the Canadian Indian schools. I was particularly struck 
by it at the Elkhorn Industrial School in Manitoba where there 
were 100 Indian children enrolled. The girls of the school, at 
recess and at intervals when they were not engaged in school work, 
in the most informal way would play with the teachers or the 
superintendent's wife ; would form themselves in lines, and holding 
hands, playfully surround some employee. This sort of play never 
appeared rude or out of place. There seemed to be the same sort 
of friendly relations between the superintendent and other male 
employees and the boys. There was nothing that indicated fear or 
undue reserve on the one hand or rudeness or lack of respect on the 
other on the part of the pupils and all appeared to be happy members 
of a large family, with the superintendent and his wife at the head. 
It may be argued that the size of the school has much to do with 
this. Perhaps it has, but I observed the same sort of home or family 
atmosphere at the Qu' Appelle school in Saskatchewan, where the 
enrollment was 225. My judgment is, that the main cause of this 
home atmosphere is to be found in the government's frank en- 
couragement of religious instruction which makes the teachers feel 



40 

responsible for every phase of the pupil's development, spiritual 
and physical, mental and moral. 

As I have said, the plan of instruction in Canada's Indian schools 
is not different from that in the government Indian schools of 
the United States. The half -day plan of academic instruction 
alternating with a half day of industrial training is the general 
rule, and the different types of schools in Canada have developed 
along about the same lines as they have in the United States. In 
the very early periods before the government took hold of the 
matter of Indian education the missionaries gave instruction, some- 
times in boarding schools, oftener in day schools, or from family 
to family, wherever convenience dictated. When Indian education 
was taken up seriously by the Government in western Canada late 
in the eighties, following an investigation of Indian schools in 
the United States and report thereon to the Canadian Government 
by Mr. Nicholas Flood Davin in 1879, the policy was for the gov- 
ernment to establish industrial schools and place them under the 
auspices of the several churches. These schools, like the early 
Indian industrial schools in the United States, were generally re- 
moved a considerable distance from the Indian reserves. But these 
being inadequate to the entire Indian population of school age, 
boarding schools were established by the churches from time to time 
on many of the reserves ; just as was done in the seventies in this 
country, when our Indian reservations were parcelled out to the 
various churches under the government's "Peace Policy," inau- 
gurated in 1869. As these church boarding schools increased in 
number the burden became too heavy for the religious organizations 
to bear and the government gradually assumed that burden just as it 
had the burden of the industrial schools which the government con- 
structed and at first turned over to the churches to maintain. At 
first the government contributed to improvements, enlargements and 
repairs of these church schools in a haphazard manner, making up 
the deficit after the church had exhausted its resources, without 
regard to any system whatever. Recently the government has de- 
cided upon a definite plan, under which a fixed amount per capita is 
given to the various schools conducted under church auspices, 
making the amount from $80 to $125, as heretofore stated, in accord- 
ance witii the location of the school and the comparative cost of 
supplies and general maintenance ; and depending also upon whether 
the government or the church itself paid for the repairs and im- 
provements. This co-operative plan is working splendidly. If 
there is any friction between the government and the churches, I 




Some School Children with their Grand-Parents, Ou'Appelle Industrial School, 
Saskatchewan. 




i'i", •>-'? 



41 

was unable to detect it. A few superintendents were heard to say 
that they believed the government ought to conduct the schools free 
and independent from the churches, but when questioned closely 
it invariably turned out that the superintendent had in mind a 
plan by which he personally would have the selection of all the 
teachers under him, just the same as the churches now have it, 
and not one of them favoring the so-called government school 
would have wanted the increased responsibility without the privilege 
of naming his employees. 

The Indian schools of Canada, in equipment, are not at all equal 
to those in the United S.tates ; they would doubtless be more effec- 
tive if more money were spent for their proper equipment and 
if better salaries were paid. However, the present plan of co-oper- 
ation between the government and the churches, with the greater 
influence exerted by the teachers on the character of the pupils, even 
with the handicap of inferior equipment mentioned, is doing more 
for the Indian youth, in my judgment, than is being done in our 
Indian schools. At only one school in the Dominion of Canada did 
I see any part of the ecjuipment which struck me as superior to 
similar equipment at Indian schools of this country ; at the Bran- 
don Industrial School (Methodist) I saw a more up-to-date and 
better constructed dairy barn than I have seen at any Indian school 
in the United States, and I do not believe there is a school in this 
country where boys are receiving more practical instruction in the 
care of cattle and horses and in farming than they are at this 
school. 

It is interesting to compare the cost of schools of similar size in 
the two countries. The Brandon School, which I have just men- 
tioned, with an enrollment of 135 pupils costs the Canadian Govern- 
ment $15,635, or $125 per pupil. Out of this fund the management 
of the school pays 13 employees ; the superintendent, a man of 
unique ability, drawing $1,500, and the salaries ranging from that 
amount down to $240 per year. It is fair to compare with the 
Brandon school the boarding school on the Umatilla Reservation in 
the United States, where 93 pupils are enrolled. This school has 
13 employees, the same number as the Brandon school, whose 
salaries amount to $8,830, and the total cost of the school in 1912 
was $22,637.56, a per capita cost of $279.47 or a little more than 
twice the per capita cost of the Brandon school. 

The Mount Elgin Industrial School, another excellent school 
conducted by the Methodist Church, has enrolled 125 pupils, for 
which the government pays $80 per pupil plus the cost of repairs. 



42 

There are \2 employees here drawing in salaries $9,850. This plant 
includes a farm of 1,000 acres, of which the superintendent has 
made a remarkable financial success, and with the produce from 
which in addition to the $80 j)er ])upil allowance from the government 
he is supporting the school and making a surplus each year besides, 

The Shingwauk Home at Sault Ste. Marie is conducted under 
the auspices of the Anglican Church and has a capacity of '(5 
pupils. For the education of these the Canadian government pays 
the church $100 per pupil. Here, there are seven employees whose 
salaries aggregate $2,350 a year. This sum, as a salary roll, of 
course, is inadequate. The present superintendent is laboring un- 
der a debt against the plant which he is gradually paying off by 
economizing on his pay roll. The cost of this school to the govern- 
ment, namely, $7,500 a year for 75 pupils, may be compared with 
the Fort Berthold, N. D., boarding school, where the total cost is 
$7,827 and the per capita cost $113.43; and the Sac and Fox school 
in Oklahoma with the same number of pupils, where there are 13 
employees drawing $8,510 in salaries and the total cost of the school 
in 1912 was $16,723.64, or $217.19 per capita. 

The Qu' Appelle Industrial School (Catholic), the largest Indian 
school in Canada and one of the very best, an excellent institution in 
all its departments, academic and industrial, has an enrollment of 
225 pupils, under 15 employees, which costs the Canadian govern- 
ment $28,125, or $125 per capita. The cost of this school may be 
compared with that of the Pima boarding school, where in 1912 
there were 218 pupils under 23 employees, costing the government 
$36,553.53 or a per capita cost of $208.87. 

The simplicity of method and equipment of Canadian Indian 
schools is in harmony with the Canadian point of view with re- 
spect to her Indians, which is fundamentally different from ours. 
Our Indian land policy is intended to break up the tribal community 
and segregate the individual members on tracts of land surrounded 
by white persons, among whom it has been our frank and avowed 
policy to have them as quickly as j)ossible lose their identity as 
Indians. Canada's policy is to develop civilized communities of 
Indians; and, naturally, the policy of her schools is to prepare 
the Indian to live in his own environment. It cannot be disputed 
that, in the largest Indian schools in the United States, the modern 
equipment, with improved machinery for washing dishes, laundry 
work and shop work, are better intended to fit Indian youth for 
life in large commercial centers than upon reservations, even with 
the reservations broken up and occupied in part by white people. 



43 

The Canadian policy in this regard is very well stated in the follow- 
ing language in "Relations of the Government to the Indians" by 
Mr. Duncan C. Scott, Deputy Superintendent General of Indian 
Afifairs (Canada and Its Provinces, Vol. VII, page GIG). 

Speaking in the widest terms it is now recognized that the provision 
of education for the Indian means an attempt to develop the great natural 
intelligence of the race and to fit the Indian for civiHzed life in his own 
environment. It includes not only a school education, but also instruction 
in the means of gaining a livelihood from the soil or as a member of 
an industrial or mercantile community and the substitution of Christian 
ideals of conduct and morals for aboriginal conceptions of both. To this 
end the curriculum in residential schools has been simplified, and the practical 
instruction given is such as may be immediately of use to the pupil when 
he returns to the reserve after leaving school. At that moment he is 
assisted by a grant of cattle or horses, implements, tools and building ma- 
terials, and he receives special advice from the agent or farming instructor. 
Marriages are arranged between former pupils and the young wives are 
given domestic articles as a dower. 

Indian Marriages and Divorces. 

The whole story of Indian marriages and divorces in Canada 
is told briefly in the following circular issued by the Indian depart- 
ment : 

A marriage between Indians or between Indians and others solemnized 
or contracted in accordance with provincial or territorial law is valid. 

The validity of marriages between Indians contracted in accordance 
with the customs of their tribes has been established by the courts, notably 
in the case of "Connolly vs. Woolwich, and others," in 1867 ; nor does the 
fact that one or both of the contracting parties may profess adherence 
to Christianity affect the matter. 

It is particularly deserving of notice that the validity of Indian divorces 
has never been affirmed in Canada, and Indian marriages, if valid, cannot 
be dissolved according to the Indian customs, but only in such manner as 
other marriages may be dissolved. 

If an Indian is validly married to one woman and has gone through a 
form of marriage with another which would make her his wife but for 
the fact that he was already married, he is guilty of bigamy and Hable 
to the penalties for that crime (Section 308, Criminal Code, R. S. C, 1906), 
and the Department of Justice has expressed the opinion that, even if there 
has been no valid marriage but the Indian intended by complying with 
the customs of the band relating to marriage to make more than the' 
first married his wife or wives, or if, even without such intention, he has 
complied in the case of two or more women with the requirements of the 
tribal customs, he may be successfully prosecuted under section 310 of the 
Criminal Code. 



44 



With reference to a more or less prevalent idea that a man or woman 
can legally contract a fresh alliance if he or she in good faith and on 
reasonable grounds believes his wife or her husband to be dead or if his 
wife or her husband has been continually absent for seven years then 
last past and he or she is not proved to have known that his wife or her 
husband was alive at any time during those seven years, it has to be 
pointed out that, while such conditions would furnish a good defence against 
a charge of bigamy, they would not serve to legalize the second alliance 
in case of its being shown that both parties to the first marriage contract 
were alive at the time of the second purported marriage. 

Enfranchisement of Indians in Canada. 

I have said that a road to full citizenship is provided by the 
Canadian Indian Act. That road at present is made too difficult, 
and is too closely associated with the Indian's land status. The 
progress made under the present enfranchisement act and the 
need of an amendment to that act are well stated by Mr. Scott, as 
follows : 

In Ontario one band has fully worked out its problem and become merged 
in the white population. The Wyandottes of Anderson, a band of Huron 
stock, were enfranchised in 1881. By education and intermarriage they 
had become civilized. One of their members had represented the County 
of Lambton in the Provincial Parliament. They were self-supporting and 
the experiment of enfranchising the whole band was not in any way hazard- 
ous. A few other bands in both provinces are ripe for like treatment, but 
it is not the present policy of the Government to force Indians into full 
citizenship. 

This experiment in enfranchisement has been closed successfully, and it 
may be followed in the future by others. But extreme caution is necessary. 
The radical principle underlying our policy of Indian management is to keep 
liie Indian community attached to the land, at the same time giving the great- 
est freedom to individuals to secure their livelihood far and wide by any 
liijnest endeavor. It is wisdom not to entrust the absolute ownership of land 
lo individuals until their ability to protect themselves against the designs of 
self-interested persons, who have no thought for their welfare but merely 
to get the best of a land bargain, is beyond doubt. Reform is needed in the 
law governing enfranchisement, particularly in the direction of freeing In- 
dians, not of the professional class, who are living away from the reserves 
and supporting themselves, and who do not wish to remain with the band 
hut to obtain full citizenship. The law at present in force does not allow 
enfranchisement for such Indians, and I trust that it may be possible to 
obtain legislation framed in the best interests of this growing class. 

It is Utterly incomprehensible to me that the right of franchise 
has been withheld by the Canadian government thus long from 
the Indians of eastern Canada, and from many in the west, who 



45 

are undoubtedly as well qualified to exercise it as a majority of the 
white citizens. It seems wholly inconsistent with the emphasis 
placed by that government on the development of local self-gov- 
ernment on Indian reserves and the scrupulous care exercised always 
not to sell or use Indian property without first consulting the owners. 
However, Canada's approach to enfranchisement, as to many other 
policies of dealing with her Indians, has been diametrically opposite 
to that of the United States. She has been preparing her Indians 
for full citizenship by letting them exercise extensive powers of 
local self-government, but has stopped short of conferring upon 
them the title of citizenship for which her scheme of training has 
prepared them. On the contrary, in the United States, we have 
been prompt to confer the title of citizenship upon our Indians and 
to extend to them the right of franchise while we have almost 
wholly neglected the training in local self-government necessary 
to prepare them for an intelligent and helpful exercise of that right. 

Administration of Indian Reserves in Canada. 

I have already pointed out some of the more striking differences 
between the reserve system in Canada and the reservation system 
in the United States. These dififerences are worthy of elaboration. 

In Canada, as in the United States, Indians were first dealt with by 
the military arm of the government. For a short period there- 
after the State Department was in control, and then the Interior 
Department took charge, and an Indian Department similar to our 
Bureau of Indian Affairs has had charge since 1880. From 1763 
to 1841, the period of military control, Canada was either engaged 
in wars or had a large, sparsely-settled and unprotected frontier, 
and her attitude toward Indians was more or less influenced, on the 
one hand, by her desire to win the support of Indians as friends 
and allies, or, on the other, through fear of Indian attacks on 
her frontier settlements. During all that period, therefore, the In- 
dians of Canada were treated more or less as an independent sover- 
eign power. The second period of Indian Afifairs, from 1841 to 
1867, is marked by a gradual change from a policy which was dic- 
tated in a measure by considerations of fear and self-interest to one 
dominated by efforts to civilize, educate and Christianize the Indians. 
This was the period before confederation of the provinces, when 
each province dealt in its own way with its Indians. The third 
period of Canadian Indian Affairs, from 1867 to the present date, 
marks the control thereof by the Dominion government. 



46 

The ninety-first section of the British North-America Act gave 
the Dominion power to legislate for "Indians and lands reserved 
for the Indians." According to Mr. Scott, 

the transition was easy. The Province of Canada had, in working order, 
a division of the Executive deahng with Indian Affairs, and the business 
of the small Indian bureaus of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were 
readily absorbed. The department of the Secretary of State dealt with 
Indian matters; the Acts passed by Nova Scotia and New Brunswick affect- 
ing Indians were repealed and in 1868 a Dominion Act, which consolidated 
previous acts and summed up the best features of Indian legislation, was 
placed on the statute book. The policy thus well established was not 
changed, only developed and amplified year by year down to the present 
time. It was found elastic enough to accommodate the problem of handling 
the native tribes west of the Great Lakes, the Prairie Indians and the Indians 
of British Colombia.* 

From the beginning to the present time, in Canada, Christianity- 
has been a larger factor than in this country in shaping both land 
and educational policy in dealing with the Indian. Prior to 1763, 
when the French were in control of eastern Canada, no recognition 
of Indian title in land was recognized, but the christianization of 
the Indians was zealously sought. 

French discovery meant conquest so far as the Indian was concerned. 
The Indian in himself had no title in the soil, nor had he in his inferior 
position as a savage, any rights which could become a subject of treaty or 
negotiation. His land was parcelled out and patented without his consent ; 
his hunting grounds were constrained by feudal tenure and customs, with- 
out tribal or individual acquiescence. In theory he was not to be treated 
cruelly or unjustly; he was, in fact, the object of immense curiosity and 
of a passionate desire for the welfare of his soul. Little plots of land 
were set apart for him and seignories were granted that he might be 
fostered and educated and above all Christianized ; but the acknowledgement 
of any right or title to the soil was absent.* 

Sometimes the land set apart for the Indians was given outright 
to the Jesuit missionaries, whose zealous work on their behalf 
made a permanent impression on the subsecjuent Indian policy of 
Canada ; in some cases the land was bestowed by the Crown upon 
the missionaries, to be held in trust by them for the Indians ; in 
other cases, individuals gave the grants. 

The Indian policy of the British government was marked by essential 
contrasts from the very beginning. The first instructions to British colonial 
governors, issued by Charles II in 1G70, declared that justice be shown to the 
Indians; directed that their property be protected and that persons be 



47 



employed to learn their languages, and that the governor was to consider 
how the Indians may be best instructed and invited to the Christian re- 
ligion. From the very beginning of Great Britain's dealing with the 
Indians, lands had been ceded with due formality and for definite con- 
sideration; and treaties and agreements had defined the civil relation of 
the aboriginees and the ruler. It was the British policy to acknowledge 
the Indian title to his vast and idle domain and to treat for it with much 
gravity as if with a sovereign power. That title may exist simply as 
policy, but it has actuated all the Britsih dealings with the Indians, and 
while it sprang in the seventeenth century from ideals of right and jus- 
tice, it could be understood and interpreted in the nineteenth by the Law 
Lords of the Crown, in the following words : "There has been all along 
vested in the Crown a substantial and paramount estate, underlying the 
Indian title, which became a plenum dominium whenever that title was 
surrendered or otherwise extinguished."* 

*Canada and Its Provinces; Relation of the Government to the Indian, 
176o-1891, Duncan Campbell Scott. 

The "closed reserve" policy, which has characterized Canadian 
Indian administration from the first, was announced in the Royal 
Proclamation of 1763, at the close of the French and Indian war. 
That policy, dictated like our own reservation policy, by the neces- 
sity of protecting the frontier settlements, was stated in the following 
words in that proclamation : 

And whereas it is just and reasonable and essential to our interest and 
the security of our colonies that the several nations or tribes of Indians 
with whom we are connected and who live under our protection, should 
not be molested or disturbed in the possession of such parts of our domains 
and territories as not having been ceded to us are reserved to them or any 
of them as their hunting grounds, if at any time any of the said Indians 
should be inclined to dispose of the said lands the same shall be purchased 
only for us, in our name, at some pubhc meeting or assembly of the said 
Indians to be held for that purpose by the governor or commander-in-chief 
of our colony. 

From that day, the title of an individual Indian in fee-simple 
to land reserved to a band or tribe has not been recognized, except 
in the case of enfranchised Indians and the Canadian government 
has adhered steadfastly to the policy of educating and christianizing 
Indians on closed reserves, selling surplus Indian lands when they 
are disposed of at all, in solid and compact bodies only to the 
Crown; and not permitting purchase of land in Indian reserves 
()y white persons, as has been the rule in this country since the 
inauguration of the policy of opening Indian reservations to white 
settlement after making allotments to the Indians. 



48 

It should be observed that Canada does not expect, in the imme- 
diate future, to change its reserve policy, nor to adopt our allotment 
policy and system of "open" reserves. Mr. Scott, on page 633 of 
volume VII, of Canada and its Provinces, makes very clear this 
point in the following language: 

It may be some time before reserves disappear and the Indian and his 
land ceases to be marked and separated. It would be foolish to make 
this end in itself the final object of the policy. The system of reserved 
lands has been of incalculable benefit to the Indians, who require sure foot- 
hold on the soil, and great caution should be shown in regard to any 
plans for separating the Indian from his land or for giving him power 
to alienate his inheritance. There is nothing repugnant to the policy which 
is being carried out or to the exercise of useful citizenship in the idea of a 
highly civilized Indian community living upon lands which its members 
cannot sell. 

Again, he says : 

As the maintenance of the reserve intact is the basic principle of the 
Indian administration, it is clear that great care must be used in enfranchising 
Indians and allowing them to hold land in fee-simple. 

The status of the half-breed today, in Canada, is the strong- 
est possible visible argument in favor of her "closed reserve" policy 
of Indian land tenure and against the liberal policy of individual 
tenure which is being followed in this country. In the seventies, 
Canada, by a mistake, acceded to the arguments of a large number 
of half-breeds and freed them from the restriction imposed upon 
them as Indians, giving them the choice of 240 acres of land on the 
public domain, or of negotiable scrip therefor. The half-breed who 
accepted land or scrip, thereby, in terms, renounced his right and 
interest in the land or other property of the band of which he was 
a member. 

By this act he was granted all the privileges of citizenship, 
although he has not been given the careful preparation for assuming 
its responsibilities that for many years has been given the full-blood 
Indian of Canada. 

Tlie scrip and the land of the Canadian half-breed was snai)ped 
tip as quickly and with the same general consequences to him as 
was the land of the unrestricted Indian in the Five Civilized Tribes 
in Oklahoma, upon the passage of the Removal of Restrictions Act 
in 1908. Today, the word "half-breed" in Canada is a synonym for 
the worst type of citizen in the dominion. \Miilc there arc tnany 



49 

noteworthy exceptions, the Canadian half-breed, speaking generally, 
is a roving, irresponsible individual, a veritable gypsy ; his children, 
for the most part, being deprived of school facilities because of 
the nomadic character of the father or of his poverty. Trailing 
far behind his restricted full-blood brother on the reserve, the 
half-breed, physically, morally and intellectually is a standing warn- 
ing against the policy of too early removal of Indian land restrictions. 

In the reserves of western Canada the real work of civilizing 
the Plains Indians in settled communities began scarcely forty 
years ago, and this fact explains why the Indians of these reserves 
have not reached the point in their development, w^hen, through 
their band councils, they may exercise the large functions of local 
self-government exercised by the bands in the eastern reserves. 
But they have begun their march upward. Their councils, composed 
of chiefs and assistant chiefs, just as they were in the old days, 
instead of dealing with questions relating to hunting or war parties 
or the enforcement of tribal rules of justice, are gradually taking 
up the problems of the new conditions which surround them. The 
form of the old tribal machinery is retained, but its functions are 
changed, as the Indians, themselves, become educated and prepared 
to assume responsibilities in conformity with the standards of civili- 
zation. The form of the tribal government is thus preserved as a 
means of easy approach, from the Indian's own point of view, 
to the white man's ways, through avenues familiar to him, its func- 
tions gradually changing and increasing until the Indians, after 
several generations, unconsciously, by processes of evolution, may 
take on the characteristics of self-governing white communities and 
become part and parcel of the state. 

The evolution of the tribal council in the United States has been 
in exactly the opposite direction. We recognized in the beginning, 
as did Canada, the need of replacing old tribal laws and customs 
with those of the white man. But, it apparently did not occur to 
us as it did to Canada to preserve the old form of tribal office and 
make it the vehicle for carrying the substance of the new laws, 
the new customs, the new education, with which we desired to 
supplant the old. Instead, we proceeded to smash the form of 
the old tribal government by administrative action where such action 
could make effective our purpose; by legislation, as in the case of 
the Five Civilized Tribes, where that purpose could not be achieved 
otherwise. We assumed that the best way to get rid of tribal 
customs and laws inconsistent with the white man's plan of gov- 
ernment, was to demolish the machinery through which they had 



50 

been exercised. And so, our government not only does not recog- 
nize "chiefs," but only in the case of treaty reservations and where 
the law requires, does it recognize business committees or Indian 
councils. In these cases the functions of the council are limited 
and the attitude of the government toward the tribal organization is 
one of impatient toleration; the more advanced the tribe, the fewer 
the fiuictions of the tribal council we recognize. Our theory is 
that the individualization of Indian reservations by the process of 
allotment brings the Indian under State law and makes him a part 
of the citizenry of the state. In fact, the individual by this process, 
generally, is left between "the devil and the deep blue sea," neither 
the state nor the nation troubling itself to assume jurisdiction or re- 
sponsibility with reference to his conduct, while the participation in 
local self-government opened up to the Indian under the Canadian 
system, in this country is closed against him through the absence of 
active tribal councils on Indian reservations and by local sentiment 
or by the lack of initiative on the part of the Indian himself in 
cases where he lives on his allotment in an organized county and 
has a technical legal right to participate in local and state govern- 
ment. 

The Canadian system applied to the Indians of the Five Civilized 
Tribes would have prevented the frauds and losses from which 
thousands of those Indians have suffered. The lands not needed 
by them for agriculture or other purposes would have been thrown 
open in blocks to settlement; the homes of the Indians would have 
been held in perpetuity for them, and no white man could have 
bought a foot of land from them in the retained reserve. The 
Indians w^ould have been encouraged to go outside the reservation 
to work, to attend school, to buy land and become tax-payers. 
But, they could not have trafficked away their birthright in land 
for a "mess of pottage" and left their children landless and home- 
less. Instead of the tribal government having been emasculated, 
the Five Civilized Tribes would be practically self-governing com- 
munities like the Six Nations at Brantf ord ; financing their own 
schools from interest on tribal funds and making and executing 
the local laws essential to their welfare and advancement. To be 
sure, they would not all be called "citizens," with the right of fran- 
chise. But, how many of these Indians, outside of voting, do, in 
fact, feel and exercise responsibilities in local government? I low 
many of them, in fact as well as in theory, are real citizens of the 
state? How many of them have developed a capacity to protect 
themselves from designing white men ? 




Clerk's Residence, Touchwood Hills Agency, Saskatchewar 



61 

The most striking thing about the management of Indians on 
reserves in Canada is the simplicity, comprehensiveness, elasticity 
and efficiency of the Indian policy, a policy which takes into account 
the legal status of the Indian, provides definite penalties for his 
misconduct, adequate judicial remedies for wrongs committed 
against him, and establishes a progressive system of self-govern- 
ment suited at once to the needs of the untutored half-savage of 
the western plains and the highly civilized product of three centuries 
of Christian civilization in the eastern provinces. 

The main features of the Canadian Indian Act relating to the 
government of Indian reserves are made clear in a very excellent 
memorandum prepared by a former law clerk of the Indian de- 
partment of Canada, Mr. Reginald Rimmer, now Judge Rimmer of 
Saskatchewan, from which I shall quote in part in the Appendix to 
this report. (See Exhibit B.) 

Discussion of Reserves Visited. 

In the following paragraphs I shall discuss the reserves which 
I visited in order to illustrate by concrete example the methods of 
applying the principles of reserve management which I have dis- 
cussed in previous paragraphs : 

A COLONY FOR EX-PUPILS. 

At File Hills near Balcarres, on the Grand Trunk Railroad, in 
the Province of Saskatchewan, is a small reserve, where I found 
an illustration of Indian administration which approaches near- 
est to the perfect ideal I have seen either in the United States or 
in Canada. This agency is distinguished particularly because of 
a colony of ex-pupils from the Canadian schools, which has de- 
veloped into a unique Indian community. The methods of the Ca- 
nadian government in dealing with the ex-pupils in this colony, as 
well as its methods of dealing with the old Indians on the same 
reserve, I shall present in detail as the best illustration I can give of 
the simplicity and efficiency of the Canadian system. 

The File Hills Agency has under its jurisdiction 308 Cree In- 
dians, and covers three small reserves containing in the aggregate 
84,454 acres of land. A little more than one-half of this area 
consists of swamp and hay lands ; the rest is open agricultural lands. 
The wooded portions of the reserves are occupied mostly by old 
Indians and, of course, are unallotted. The open agricultural part 



52 

of one of the reserves has been surveyed and set apart in tracts 
of 40 acres or more to the young men who, upon completion of 
a course in an Indian school are encouraged to settle thereon. These 
individual tracts arc not allotments in the sense that allotments 
are made in the United States, but are merely selections for which 
a location ticket is issued, and which continue indefinitely in the 
possession of the occupant so long as he makes proper use of the 
same. There is, in fact, a permanency of tenure of these tracts 
and the Indians feel just as secure in their occupancy and the 
same sense of proprietorship as they do on allotments in the United 
States when a patent in fee simple has been issued. 

This ex-pupils' colony started nine years ago with two families. 
Today it contains 31 families, in all, numbering 116 men, w^omen 
and children. Everyone made a start on raw land with no capital 
whatever, except his earnings through his own eflorts and the loan 
of a yoke of oxen and plow to the young men who had insuf^cient 
funds of their own to buy them, and $125 each in cash when they 
were married, to help them build or furnish their houses. At the 
time of my visit every dollar lent by the government for the 
purchase of oxen and plows had been returned, except $425, which 
had been recently lent, and the total aggregate of outside debts 
incurred for machinery, lumber for building, etc., amounted, for 
the whole colony of 31 families, to less than $1,000. This colony, 
at the end of the fiscal year 1914, had more than 2,000 acres in wheat 
and oats; farm products for the year, including hay amounting to 
$31,405, which, added to the earnings of individual members of 
the colony in wages and from other sources, amounted to $37,825, 
being $1,220 per family, or $326 per capita counting the women 
and children. The total value of the personal property of the mem- 
bers of the colony, outside of grain, is estimated at approximately 
$55,000. Several members of the colony have substantial bank ac- 
counts. The colony is situated about 15 miles from where the 
old Indians live, on the same reserve, and is arranged in two groups, 
those of Catholic faith being in one group, while those of Protestant 
faith are in another, five or six miles distant. Each group has its 
own church. Imilt at its own expense, and contributes in part to 
the support of the pastor in charge. About half way between these 
two groups is situated a neat little modern hospital where a resi- 
dent nurse is in charge, her salary paid by the government. She 
makes it her business to call from time to time upon the young 
wives in the colony and is available at the Indian homes on occa- 



53 

sions of child-birth, when the young mothers cannot come to the 
hospital. 

The health of the Indians on this reserve is guarded by a doctor, 
who is employed under the "call system," receiving a certain amount 
for each call, in addition to a fixed sum for inspecting the File Hills 
School (Presbyterian). 

The Indian farmers of the colony are under the immediate super- 
vision of a farmer who lives among them and advises them as to 
the methods of plowing, harvesting and marketing their crops. 

The colony maintains an excellent brass band and has two base- 
ball teams, and during the winter has regular literary entertainments, 
lectures, and farmers' institutes, where advanced methods of farm- 
ing and stock-raising are discussed, and the experts of the provincial 
Department of Agriculture come without charge to give instruction 
as they do in the white communities. The colony also holds an 
annual agricultural fair, which is a self-supporting institution and 
attracts wide attention. A chief feature at each fair is a beautiful 
shield given to the colony by Earl Grey. The farmer who raises 
the largest and best crops each year is given the shield to retain 
until some one takes it away from him in the same sort of competi- 
tion at a subsequent fair, the name of each winner being engraved 
on the shield. 

In Canada the experience has been similar to that in this country 
where ex-pupils have left school and returned to their parents who 
are living in the old way on the reserves ; industrial progress has 
been made only in exceptional cases. The colony plan of segrega- 
tion keeps the young people near enough to their parents to visit 
them at intervals and still free to live as they have been taught to 
live while in school. I visited nearly every home in this colony 
and with a possible single exception, found them neatly kept and 
comparable in appearance to average homes of white people. 

There is close and sympathetic co-operation between the board- 
ing schools where the young men of the colony are educated and 
the superintendent of the reserve. Indeed, the colony idea is largely 
that of the Rev. Joseph Hugonard of the Qu' Appelle School, the 
largest Indian industrial school in Canada. About two-thirds of the 
boys of the colony come from Rev. Hugonard's school, while 
most of the balance are from the File Hills Presbyterian School, 
another neat and well-equipped boarding school, which is situated 
on the reserve. Before the young man leaves school he is encouraged 
by the school authorities, if he shows industry and promise, to 
settle in the colony. In some cases he at first works outside the 



54 



reserve or for members of the colony on the reserve, to earn enough 
money to keep himself during the first farming season. When 
he has done this he goes to the agent and applies for a yoke of 
oxen, a plow and harness. These are loaned to him on four years' 
time, under the following agreement, which he is required to sign: 

I, , a member of Okanees Band, at File Hills, do hereby 

acknowledge having received on the 18th day of March, 1914, from the 
Inspector of the Indian Agencies at File Hills, one yoke of oxen valued at 
One Hundred Dollars, under the following conditions : — 

First, I agree to return to the Department of Indian Affairs within four 
years, a yoke of oxen of equal value, viz.. One Hundred Dollars, or I 
will pay the department through the Indian Agent, in installments, within 
four years the said amount in cash. 

Secondly, I agree that the ownership of the oxen shall remain in the 
Department of Indian Affairs until I have paid for them in full. 

Thirdly, I also agree to take good care of the oxen while in my charge, 
and it is understood that the Indian Agent has the right to take the said 
oxen from me altogether should he satisfy himself at any time that they 
are being abused or neglected ; and in such case any money paid bj^ me in 
part payment shall be surrendered as an offset against the use of the oxen 
while in my charge. 

As witness my hand this day of , . 

(Signed) . 



The oxen are purchased by the superintendent and turned over 
to the Indian in the spring. He breaks land during the breaking 
season, living often in a tent or in a simple log or frame shanty ; 
then he turns his oxen out on grass and works for wages, generally 
with threshing gangs, in the fall, earning enough to keep him 
during the second season. In the winter perhaps he cuts poles 
on the reserve to sell, making fair wages. The next spring he puts 
in his first crop, breaks some more land, and again, after harvest, 
turns his oxen out on grass and works for wages, as before. If 
his crop has been good, he has means the second year to build 
a house ; then he is prepared to get married, the match, in most 
cases, having already been arranged before the young people left 
the school ; and perhaps the young wife has been working with 
some white family during these first two years and earning enough 
to buy herself some dishes and furniture necessary to begin house- 
keeping in a simple way. This sort of match-making is encouraged 
in all the Canadian boarding schools. 

The first house usually is a frame structure, about 12x24 with a 
shed roof, and is divided into two rooms; one, the sleeping and 
living room and the other a kitchen. With a good crop the third 



if ave 
year 



ile Hills Colony, showing kit 
is made from crops to build 



55 

and fourth years and with the wages earned on the outside, the 
young people are able to save enough to construct the main part 
of their house, which is generally a story and a half structure, 
with two good-sized rooms downstairs and a sleeping room upstairs, 
and to build a barn ; in some cases prosperity is sufficient within that 
period to enable the young farmer to sell his oxen and replace them 
with a good horse team. When the first house is planned, 
if the young man has been duly diligent, the government donates 
$125 to help buy material, and often, if the crop has progressed 
to a point where it seems reasonably sure there will be a good 
harvest, the agent helps the young man to buy the material for 
his building by guaranteeing payment to the local dealer; indeed, 
the agent very frequently helps the beginners in the purchase of 
various farm implements, such as binders, wagons, etc., giving his 
written guaranty of payment. In a very few cases the parents 
of the young people have been able to help them with teams, making 
the borrowing of oxen unnecessary. 

Nearly every family keeps a cow ; the wife makes butter, looks 
after the garden and has some poultry. There were two threshing 
outfits on the reserve, owned in common by the members of the 
colony, and were operated, with the exception of white engineers, by 
Indians. The first colonists built log houses with board roofs and 
the houses were plastered inside and out. Some of them now 
have elaborate improvements, large two-story barns and houses; 
their land is well fenced and they have live stock in quantity. 

A careful individual account is kept in the Agent's office of all 
grain, cattle, wood, pickets, hay, etc., that are sold. The sale of all 
products is carefully supervised and is made under permit. The 
permit is a simple little form in three parts ; the agent retaining 
one, the Indian retaining the second, and the person who buys 
from him the third. Only the quantity of the product to be sold is 
written in the permit, the Indian being free to find a buyer and 
agree upon the price. This not only protects the Indian, but enables 
the superintendent to know exactly how much is raised by each 
Indian and to keep in close enough touch with each individual 
to make his advice valuable. So much grain is raised in the colony 
that nearly every colonist sells in carload lots. When the grain is 
sold, the Indian brings to the Agent sufficient money to pay any 
accounts guaranteed by the latter; the balance he keeps and spends 
as he sees fit. When the Indian is out of debt, all restraint is 
removed; the permit system, then, serving merely to keep the 
agent's records accurate. There are several Indians who deal 



56 

practically without any restrictions whatever. During the first 
year or two of an ex-pupil's life on the reserve he is visited, almost 
daily, by the farm instructor. 

During the past five years there has been but one case of drunken- 
ness reported in the colony, and not a single case has come before 
the agent, who acts as justice of the peace. Indeed, the agent there 
does not have one case a year, on the average, of misdemeanor of 
any kind, either among the old or young Indians. 

The system of handling live stock on this reserve, and this applies 
to the old Indians as well as to the ex-pupils' colony, is just as simple 
and thorough as that for looking after the crops raised. Until an 
Indian has at least 10 head of cattle in his herd, he is not permitted 
to sell without replacing the number sold with heifers or cows, 
and no cattle can be sold or killed for beef, by an Indian, without 
first securing a permit from the agent. In this way, there is not 
a single herd on the reserve that is not maintained up to the number 
which the agent thinks the Indian should have. The bulls are 
owned by the tribe ; they are purchased, from what is called the 
"bull fund," which is created by a donation of $2 by the Indian for 
each steer sold. Each owner of cattle on the reserve is required 
also to donate two loads of hay to feed the bulls and agency stock 
in the winter, during which time they are under the care of the 
farm instructor. 

The old Indians of the reserve are very carefully looked after, 
and rations given to the dependent and destitute. There are no 
theories about rations in Canada, as in the United States, that work 
in such manner as to force Indians either to starve or to the alterna- 
tive of killing their own cattle in violation of the regulations. On 
this reserve, the farm instructor raises enough on the government 
farm, however, to feed and take care of the destitute, so that the 
rations furnished are not a charge upon the government or the band. 

I saw an inspiring exhibition of loyalty to the government on this 
reserve which was good to see. A young Indian, a member of the 
colony, came to the office and asked the superintendent for a permit 
to sell two loads of oats. One of the loads he wanted to sell in 
order to buy a farm implement ; the other for the purpose of mak- 
ing a donation to the "patriotic fund" to help England in her war. 
Upon inquiry, I learned that the 31 young men in this ex-pupils' 
colony had donated within six weeks after the opening of the war 
$540 to the "patriotic fund." This donation was in no way sug- 
gested by the agent, but was the result of the impulse of the Indians 
themselves, perhaps, from reading the newspapers. Nearly every 




Barn and part of stock belonging to F. Deiter, the first Ijoy to join the File 
Hills Colony nine years ago. 




^^i • 



ij':i'^^ 





-I^il 





57 

family in the colony takes a newspaper and has some books. Since 
my return to Washington I have been informed that the colony 
brass band has been giving a series of concerts and donating the 
proceeds to the relief of the Belgian sufferers. 

While the main efforts of this agency were devoted to the 
young Indians, the old were by no means neglected. Many of 
them were in tepees, which they use in the summer, having for 
their winter homes log houses in the heavier timber and bush, where 
they are protected from the cold. (The tepee as a summer resi- 
dence is encouraged in all parts of Canada and is doubtless a 
contributing factor to the good health of the Indians.) Some of 
them have small herds of cattle and horses. Practically all of them 
cut poles and pickets, which they market with their small pony 
teams, and all who have stock are required to cut hay to carry 
it through the winter. If they fail to do this their cattle are taken 
away from them. As a result, no watching or discipline is neces- 
sary and they put up the hay required without supervision from any 
source. The agent requires them to whitewash their log houses, 
inside and out, at least twice a year, and also makes frequent in- 
spections to see that they live in a fairly sanitary manner. They 
have not attempted here or elsewhere in Canada to make white men 
out of their old Indians. They help them to live on individual 
tracts of land where the Indians request it, but they do not attempt 
to interfere with their communal life and their established customs. 
On the contrary, the old people are encouraged to make baskets, 
bead work and moccasins, for which the agent helps them to find a 
suitable market. Individual holdings of land are not thrust upon 
them and they are helped to live as happily as possible in their old 
way. 

As I have said elsewhere in this report, there is no cumbersome 
system of handling individual Indian nioneys. The sales and 
purchases, whether on cash or credit, are made through the agent, 
and he has just one official account for the debits and credits of 
the individual Indians which he handles through an approved bank ; 
the bank furnishes monthly certified statements of the fund, which, 
with the agent's report, are sent to the Department at Ottawa, and 
a traveling auditor, at least twice a year, calls and checks up the 
agent's books with the certificates of the bank. The agent's books 
always show exactly how much each Indian owes ; how much prop- 
erty he has in the way of live stock or grain ; what his farming or 
other industries are; what his income is. Thus, the agent super- 
vises the financal and industrial operations of his Indians, follow- 



58 

ing his own best judgment, never having to write to Ottawa for an 
authority to pay an Indian or to receive a payment from him, and 
he is not barred, as a superintendent is by the regulations in this 
country, from helping an Indian to secure credit, where such credit 
is necessary for the latter's industrial betterment. In this way, the 
agent supervises very much more completely every transaction of 
the individual Indian than is done in this country, and, at the same 
time, the Indian himself has the fullest possible freedom, after re- 
ceiving his permits, in finding buyers for his products and in making 
liis own purchases. 

There is an Indian council of three chiefs on this reserve. The 
council, since there are no capital funds of the tribe being used for 
any purpose, has comparatively little to do ; however, the develop- 
ment of the ex-pupils' colony on one side of the reserve has made 
necessary the building of roads, the protection of crops from 
live stock, etc., and the reserve has just about reached the stage 
which was attained by some of the eastern reserves a good many 
years ago, when the tribal council will take on more and more im- 
portant functions of self-government. For instance, the council 
will soon have the making of by-laws to govern the building and 
repair of roads ; the appointment of path-masters and prevention 
of trespass. 

So simple are the methods of business on Canadian Indian re- 
serves, that at File Hills the agent, Mr. W. M. Graham, not only 
supervises these three reserves and the ex-pupils' colony, but he 
is inspector of seven other agencies containing 2i reserves scattered 
throughout the province of Saskatchewan, and he has just one 
clerk to assist him in the ofifice, while a farmer assists in the work 
on the colony. The blank forms in use, which make possible the 
large amount of supervision with the minimum of clerical work, are 
replete with valuable suggestions, and many of them, I believe, 
could be adopted to advantage in this country. Some of them will 
be included in the appendix to this report. 

SIX NATIONS. 

Another reserve, full of interest, is that of the Six Nations near 
Brantford, Ontario. Here is a population of 4,692 persons: Mo- 
hawk, 1,955; Onondaga, 377; Tuscarora, 441; Cayuga, 1,117; 
Seneca, 230 ; Delaware, 177 ; Oneida, 395. 

These Indians, most of them residents of the United States until 
the war of the Revolution, were given a fertile tract of land con- 




4 



59 

sisting of a six-mile strip on either side of tlie Grand River, from 
mouth to source, as a reward for their loyalty to the crown during 
that struggle. This large tract has been reduced by surrenders 
from time to time to approximately 43,000 acres. These Indians 
are practically self-governing and self-supporting. 

I was fortunate in being able to meet the business council of 
these Indians in session. They have the same tribal organization 
which they had in the middle of the fifteenth century when they 
confederated for purposes of enforcing peace among themselves 
and with other Indian tribes, giving to the world an example of 
a real and effective Hague tribunal. They still have the 50 hereditary 
chiefs in charge of the business of the confederation, and through 
that council they manage and finance their schools and their roads, 
and make the necessary by-laws for the protection of health and 
punishment of various misdemeanors, their by-laws having the 
force of laws when approved by the Department of Indian Affairs. 
The expenses incident to the exercise of these various functions 
of self-government are paid from the interest on a fund of some- 
thing over $800,000 standing to their credit in Ottawa and drawing 
three, five and six per cent, interest. No better example could be 
found than on this reserve, of the wonderful flexibility of the 
Canadian system of law. 

These Indians, like all others in Canada, owe a debt to the con- 
tinued and constant efforts of the missionaries, which cannot be 
overstated. The New England Company, by missionaries and 
teachers, worked with these people from their earliest settlement 
on the Grand River, in 1783, missionaries of the same society hav- 
ing labored with them at an earlier date in New England. This 
company still has an active and most helpful industrial school, the 
Mohawk Institute, situated near the site of the old village of the 
Six Nations and near the interesting old Mohawk Church, near 
which Joseph Brant and his relatives were buried and where their 
tombs are now to be seen. The sale of the land of the old village 
has left the Mohawk Institute about 10 miles from the present 
reserve but it is still filled to its capacity of 80 pupils by sons and 
daughters of the Six Nations. 

I visited the old chapel, the Chapel Royal of the Mohawks, built 
in 1783, and saw the coat-of-arms of George III, and the Lord's 
Prayer and the Ten Commandments printed in Mohawk, also the 
old bell, all gifts from George III in 1785; and at the Mohawk 
Institute, the teacher in charge was proud to show me the silver 
service presented to the Mohawk Indians by Queen Anne. 



60 

I saw the council of the Six Nations opened by the Onondaga 
chief with the same ceremony that has opened the councils of 
this famous confederacy for the last 300 years; heard the chief 
offer thanks to the Great Spirit for protecting the chiefs since their 
previous meeting and praying for his protection of the present pro- 
ceedings; saw the same belt of wampum spread over the table, 
which had been used in connection with meetings of the council for 
three centuries. With the Mohawk and Seneca on the left, the Onon- 
daga (The Firekeepers), the most honored of the confederation, 
in the center ; the Cayuga, Oneida, Tuscarora and Delaware on the 
right, and the secretary of the council and the Indian agent in the 
center in front; each group of chiefs having its own speaker sitting 
on a small raised platform in its center, I sat for half a day, filled 
with interest and wonder at the skill and alacrity with which they 
disposed the business which came before them. It seemed that 
every possible question that might have come before an old New 
England town meeting was discussed there. A resolution coming 
over from a previous meeting asking the council to use $200 in 
fighting the army worm on the reserve produced a ripple of laughter 
among the chiefs; the resolution had been introduced originally 
before the beginning of the war in Europe. A bill was presented 
to pay the funeral expenses of a white man named Bradley. It was 
at once agreed to allow it, if the man were a poor man ; if well-to- 
do, it was not to be allowed. One chief testified that he knew 
Bradley to have been well-to-do and the bill was defeated. Then 
the question of approving some leases on the reserve w^as discussed. 
Most of the communications to the council commenced with the fol- 
lowing words : *T, the undersigned, do hereby approach you and ask 
you to be good enough to settle a dispute, etc." A communication 
from one of the chiefs asked the council to allow him interest on a 
small loan of $5 for the term of three years at 10 per cent, per 
month. The claim was a long story of numerous small transactions ; 
the borrower had returned a dollar; had bought a hog, for which 
he had paid part; a careful computation of interest having been 
made, the amount alleged to be due was $35 ; of course, the claim 
was promptly rejected. 

The council maintains twelve day schools. The salaries of the 
teachers and all other employees are paid from the interest on 
the "band" fund. The School Board consists of four Indian mem- 
bers, one Methodist missionary, one Anglican missionary ; the New 
England Company nominates one, and the agent of the reserve is 
ex-of^cio chairman, but none of the members, except the Indian 



61 

members, vote on matters involving the payment of funds. This 
principle of always consulting Indians where the expenditures of 
their funds are involved is followed consistently in every depart- 
ment of Canadian Indian administration. There is also a board of 
health, which looks carefully after the sanitary condition on the 
reserve. For a time, they maintained a hospital, but this was closed 
after 4^^ years. There is little tuberculosis on the reserve and the 
health of the people is generally good. They call in their physician 
when they are ill the same as white persons and send their sick 
to the white hospitals. The roads are very well taken care of under 
the supervision of the Indian council, by 47 Indian path-masters, who 
are paid from the band fund. Labor is required of every able- 
bodied Indian by the by-laws, or payment of a cash poll tax in lieu 
thereof. The by-laws also contain strict regulations for line fences, 
ditches and water courses ; other regulations relating to the pro- 
tection of sheep; and others concerning the observance of order and 
decorum at assemblies of the Indians in general council. There 
are also strict regulations for the suppression of intemperance and 
profligacy. 

The violation of any of these regulations is punished by adequate 
fines and the superintendent of the reserve is the justice of the 
peace before whom complaint may be made. All of these by-laws 
under the Indian Act have the force and efifect of statute law, and 
there is absolutely no escape for an Indian, or an offender against 
an Indian, from the same kind of justice which is dealt out under 
provincial statute for similar offences in white communities. Dis- 
obedience of law on the reserve is rare ; drunkenness is about the 
only form of ofifence and cases of this are infrequent. 

The Indians of this reserve, though they have advanced far in 
civilization, have steadfastly refused to take location tickets from 
the government. Instead, they have worked out a system of their 
own with the approval of the Indian department for assigning tracts 
of land to individual members of the tribe. 

They also have worked out, with the assistance and approval 
of the government, a loan system, which has been in force for about 
15 years. About $50,000 of the tribal funds are now loaned to in- 
dividual members. Loans are granted by a loan committee of the 
council, are limited, generally, to $500, and are secured by the real 
estate of the individual to whom the loan is made. A loan is not 
permitted in excess of $5 per acre. An application for a loan is 
made through the loan committee, and presented by that committee 
to the council at its monthly meeting ; if it is approved a quit claim 



62 

is given by the borrower to the speaker of the council, in trust; 
then the applicant goes to the agent's office with the quit claim 
covering his location. The superintendent sends it to the depart- 
ment with his recommendation. When the department approves, 
the borrower is notified by the superintendent of the approval and 
authorized by him to issue orders for labor and material up to the 
amount of the loan. The loans are limited to the building of fences 
and digging of wells. Before the superintendent approves, the 
inspector of works, an employee paid from "band" funds, investi- 
gates the improvements made, to see if the value of the loan is 
there before payment is approved. If it is approved, the money 
is sent from Ottawa, upon the request of the superintendent to 
make the payment. The borrower is required to pay one-fifth each 
year, with six per cent, interest ; if he is delinquent in his payments, 
the superintendent may retain his share of the annuity interest pay- 
ment until the loan is repaid. The location, or land, cannot be 
transferred while the loan is on it. 

Indians may sell their land rights to one another, but not to a 
white man ; though an Indian may lease his tract to a white man, 
with the approval of the council. The council is generally antago- 
nistic to the lease system, and, as a result, very few leases are made. 

The officers paid from the "band" funds are : a care-taker, who 
receives $18.7r) quarterly ; secretary, $135.00 ; forest bailifif, $50.00 ; 
and retired chiefs, eight in number, receive $12.50 each, quarterly. 
Before chiefs may be retired-chiefs, they must be 70 years of age 
and must have been chiefs for 20 years. There is also an inspector 
of works, at $33.33 a month; an interpreter, at $41.66 a month, 
and a doctor, who receives $237.50 a month, free house, and a drug 
allowance of $150.00 a year. The Indians have free medical attend- 
ance. 

The government pays for the administration of the affairs of 
these Indians a superintendent, who draws a salary of $2,000 ; a 
clerk, at $750, and a stenographer, $450. 

The most of the Indians are farmers, and the farm l)uildings 
and improvements are in every respect equal to those of the white 
citizens in the community; if anything, they are better. 

For 48 years they have conducted agricultural fairs. For this 
purpose they receive a small grant from the provincial government. 
The fair is under .the management of a board of directors, all of 
whom are Indians. The members of the fair association pay $1.00 
membership fee, and this goes to make up the premium list. Their 
fairs arc wonderfully successful. Nearly all of the Indians take 



WM 






By 


RI^I^BL^ 




daily papers, and especially farm and live stock journals, and they 
have several temperance organizations. 

It is an interesting fact that, in spite of the advancement in civi- 
lization of these Indians, they still conduct their councils in the 
Mohawk language. This is one of the numerous examples to be 
found in Canada of the fact that it is not necessary to crush out 
the language or the arts of Indians in order to bring them into 
civilization. It, likewise, illustrates the fact that it is not necessary 
to give Indians fee-simple titles to individual tracts of land and to 
surround them immediately with white people in order to give 
them the white man's civilization. Many of the Indians having 
rights on their reserve live outside and own property and pay taxes 
in white communities. This is encouraged by the Canadian gov- 
ernment, but the maintenance of a reserve perpetually for them 
gives them a permanent home, to which they may return in case of 
failure off the reserve, and most of them do come back frequently 
to the old home. Many of these Indians have been educated in col- 
leges and universities off the reserve. 

The only note of discontent which reached my ears during my 
visit here was from some of the younger Indians, who believed that 
the hereditary council (the old women of the Six Nations now select 
the chiefs) should be abolished and should be supplanted by an 
elective system. 

CAUGHNAWAGA. 

The Caughnawaga Reserve, occupied by 2,200 Iroquois and cover- 
ing an area of 12,625 acres, just above the rapids and across the 
St. Lawrence River from Montreal, is another reserve which illus- 
trates the flexibility of the Canadian system and the success of 
the closed reserve policy of that country. These Indians, like their 
brothers of the Six Nations, have developed a civilization in every 
way equal to that of their white neighbors. They are practically 
a self-governing community, having by-laws similar to those of the 
Six Nations, differing chiefly from the latter in the fact that they 
have only six chiefs or councilmen, who are elected by the vote 
of the male adults over 21 years of age. These Indians have been 
under the constant tuition of the Jesuits and other Catholic mis- 
sionaries, since 1667 ; their present reserve was set apart in the con- 
cession made to the Jesuits in trust for the Indians by King Louis 
XIV; since which date not an acre of land has been sold to the 
white man. Most of them live in the village of Caughnawaga, which 



64 

was built and surrounded by a palisade overlooking the St. Lawrence 
River in the year 1716. Their houses, for the most part, are 
built of stone; some of them date from as early as 1742. Not 
until 18T0, did the government establish schools for these In- 
dians, their instruction before that time being left entirely to the 
Catholic missionaries, who, from the date of the establishment of the 
reserve have kept a record of births and deaths, and have been the 
advisers of the Indians in all things. All but a very small number 
of these Indians are Catholic and the community is genuinely 
Christian. 

i\Iy first visit to this village was on Sunday, and I had the privi- 
lege of seeing perhaps a thousand of the Indian men and women 
at worship. It was one of the most impressive religious services 
I have ever seen. The women and girls were garbed in long black 
shawls and they, as well as the men, showed the most remarkable 
spirit of reverence I have ever seen at a religious service. The 
choir was composed of Indians, the chief of the band leading in 
the singing. The service was all in the Iroquis language, just 
as the business of the band is still conducted in that language. At 
the close of this service, in accordance with long-established custom, 
the chief mounted a raised platform in an open area immediately 
in front of the church, and made certain announcements concerning 
meetings of the council and other matters of interest to members 
of the band. This weekly democratic assembly for the announce- 
ment and discussion of questions which concern the band as a 
whole is a most interesting affair and doubtless has played a large 
part in the molding of public sentiment in accordance with modern 
standards of civilization. The chief, Frank McDonald Jacobs, a 
bright, dignified man of middle age, a college graduate, who speaks 
three languages fluently, Iroquois, French and English, traces his 
ancestors back to Jacob Hill, an Englishman, who was captured 
in 1701 when 14 years of age near the present city of Albany, N. Y., 
and taken a captive to the village of Caughnawaga, where he mar- 
ried an Indian woman and raised a large family of children, and 
whose blood may be traced to many of the present inhabitants of 
this interesting Indian village. 

Chief Jacobs and a majority of the people of the village are in 
good circumstances, many of them owning pianos, and many send- 
ing their children ,away to school after they complete the course 
in the reserve day schools, which are now conducted wholly at 
government expense for their benefit. These Indians were origi- 
nally called the "praying Indians" to distinguish them from their 



It 4 




i*)»:= n :,:n 1^ 



;iil» 



7 





05 



pagan brothers, from whom they were separated in 1667 and re- 
moved from the United States to Canada in order to escape 
from the violence of the pagan element, who had put to death a 
number of Jesuit missionaries working among them and had forced 
the church, temporarily, to abandon its efforts with them. 

The lover of antiquities would revel in what may be found in 
this old village. There may be seen the walls of the old French fort 
which in the early days had been a protection alike against the 
attacks of unfriendly Indians and the English ; and, in the old church, 
the ancient and beautiful vestments and altar furnishings, expensive 
gifts from the ladies of the court of Louis XIV; and at the resi- 
dence of the priest and old French-Iroquois manuscript dictionary, 
kept up from year to year by the Jesuit missionaries since the year 
1680, showing the possibilities of developing and modernizing the 
language of the virile Iroquois. 

The art of basketry and the manufacture of lacrosse sticks and 
snow-shoes are still carried on by a minor portion of the population 
of Caughnawaga, but the main industry of the majority of the 
male inhabitants is that of iron and steel structural work. The most 
skillful of these laborers earn from 35 cents to 55 cents an hour; 
many of the superintendents earning $200 a month; foremen and 
sub-superintendents from $125 to $150 a month, and pushers $6 
a day. They have worked on most of the steel bridges from 
Halifax to Vancouver. Their first work of this kind was on the 
large steel bridge across the St. Lawrence River at Lachine, less 
than one mile from their village. While the land of the reserve 
is fertile, so much more money can be earned in steel and iron work 
that not more than four or five families farm extensively. Five 
hundred and eighty-seven of these villagers belong to the National 
Structural Workers Union, and there is three hundred and forty 
thousand dollars in life insurance carried by various members of 
the village, some of the policies running as high as six thousand 
dollars. 

There are five day schools, four Catholic and one Protestant, 
and nearly 450 children in school daily. The council of the band 
enforces attendance. While visiting at the home of the chief I 
was introduced to a young Indian, a member of the village, who 
had attended school at Carlisle. He had enrolled as a New York 
Indian. 

I saw a game played by the small boys at one of the schools 
at Caughnawaga which I have never seen anywhere else, and one 
which would undoubtedly be popular among the school boys in 



06 

this country, if they knew it. It is a game called teka-non-kwen-a- 
ne-ren, which translated literally means "two corn cobs tied to- 
gether." Two corn cobs are tied together by a string about one 
foot in length and the game is played with bent sticks, like shinny 
clubs. The boys are organized in two sides and the game is to 
advance the corn cobs by hooking the sticks around the string 
and throwing them or running with them toward the opponent's 
goal, the goals being placed on opposite sides of the playgrounds. 
It is highly exciting and apparently results in about the same 
number of bruised shins that characterizes our game of "shinny." 

The funds of this band being less than those of the Six Nations 
the schools are supported, as I have said, by the government. Out- 
side of the schools, however, the council exercises the same large 
functions of local self-government described in the case of the 
Six Nations, except that at Caughnawaga there is no occasion for 
a loan fund. Last year the council spent from band funds $100 
for bridges, and during the last ten years has expended $7,000 on 
roads. The council also takes care of the destitute from band 
funds, expending for this purpose about $300 a year. Our own 
Indian Bureau might well follow the example of Caughnawaga in 
this regard, and permit Indians in this country to expend their 
funds, especially the fund known as Indian money. Proceeds of 
Labor, for the purchase of rations and the support of the destitute 
among them, instead of using practically all of it for administra- 
tive purposes without consulting the Indians. Another interest- 
ing expenditure made by the Caughnawaga council last year was 
$L000 for repairs on the church. So much is the religion of the 
Indians of eastern Canada a part of their life, that no one ever 
thinks of raising the question of separation of church and state. 
Expenditure of band funds is voted for repairing churches in 
exactly the same spirit with which an expenditure for a council 
room or a jail would be voted. This Indian community dominated 
from the beginning by the church, occupying the same land for 
nearly 300 years, following to some extent the same arts that were 
practiced 200 years ago, speaking the same language, stands out 
as another proof that an Indian community, deprived of the right 
to alienate land, may develop a civilization of its own in accordance 
with the best standards and ideals of the white race. 

The Indian agept visits this reservation only one day each month, 
when the council meets or when some case of law violation or breach 
of some of the by-laws of the council call him. to sit as justice 
of the peace in the controversy; so well ordered is the community 




Frank McDonald Jacobs, Chief of the Caughnavvaga (Iroquois). Across his 
shoulders is the largest piece of wampum said to be in existence. 



r 




:)n Ihe h;iiil<s cf ihi- St. Uaurcncc- ;it C; 



67 

that the agent is seldom called upon more than once or twice a 
year to act in this capacity. The morals of the village have reached 
such a stage, that,, notwithstanding the proximity of the village 
to Montreal, a city as full of temptation as any other city in Canada, 
Father Gras informed me that in the three years of his incum- 
bency there had come to his attention but one case of an illegitimate 
birth a year, and as priest he records all of the births in the village. 
The degree of responsibility for self-government imposed upon 
the Indians in this village and the thorough character of judicial 
remedy provided for breach of any by-law, are shown in the follow- 
ing by-laws relating to public health : 



1. The council may appoint a health officer for the reserve and a health 
inspector or inspectors. 

2. Any Indian or other person who places any carcass or part thereof, 
offal or other offensive thing that is a menace to health upon any part of 
the reserve, etc., * * * is an offender against this regulation and shall be held 
to be guilty of committing a nuisance. 

3. Any Indian or other person who offends against this regulation and 
commits a nuisance shall, upon conviction thereof before an Indian Agent 
or a justice of the peace, be subject to a fine of not more than $30 or to 
imprisonment for not more than 30 days; and for continuance in the com- 
mitting of such nuisance, or for repetition of such nuisance, the penalty 
may be the same as for a first offence. 

4. Whenever any nuisance is committed, * * * the health officer or 
inspector may do all that is necessary to abate and end such nuisance, and 
the cost of doing so to be charged against the band. 

5. Any penalty recovered from offenders against this regulation shall be- 
come, and be disposed of as, moneys for the use of the band. 



The extent of authority which may be exercised by the Indian 
council over the tribal or band lands, the ultimate title to which is 
in the band, is interestingly illustrated in the by-laws governing the 
use of the "Common." This by-law also illustrates a method of 
subordinating the community interest in land to the interest of 
the individual, while at the same time prohibiting the use of com- 
munity land by certain individuals to the detriment of other indi- 
viduals of the community. The penalty provided for violation of 
this by-law and the method of enforcing that penalty well illustrate 
the thoroughness of the Canadian system in providing a definite local 
judicial remedy for all offences relating to Indians, the lack of 



68 

which is one of the chief weaknesses of our own system of ad- 
ministration of Indian reservations. Following is a part of these 
interesting "Common" by-laws : 

1. This by-law shall come into force upon the date of its approval by 
the Superintendent General and shall be known and may be cited as "The 
Common By-Law." 

2. There are hereby set apart for common use of the members of the 
band all those two several pieces of land commonly known as "The Com- 
mon" and "The Grand Park" situate upon and being part of the Caughnawaga 
Indian reserve. * * * to the end and intent that the said parcels of land 
shall be used and enjoyed by the members of the said band, in common, 
subject to the conditions and restrictions hereby imposed for the purpose 
of pasturing thereon cattle, sheep, swine, horses, mules and other domestic 
animals belonging to the members of the said band, and for purposes of 
recreation by the members of the band, but for no other purpose whatever. 

3. There are hereby excepted and reserved from the land set aside for 
common use. * * * the village of Caughnawaga * * * and all lands 
now held for any public, religious or educational purpose, and also all 
roads, bridges and ditches upon or passing through the lands so set apart. 

5. * * * the council of the band, with the approval of the Superintend- 
ent General, may, out of the lands set apart for common use as aforesaid, 
grant to any of the members of the band who do not hold or occupy land 
upon the reserve, suitable locations not exceeding one-quarter of an acre 
in area for each member for the separate use of such member as a site for 
a dwelling house and garden ; and thereupon the lands so granted shall 
cease to form part of the land hereby set aside for the common use of 
the members of the band. 

6. No member of the band shall fence, inclose or encroach upon or in 
any manner take or hold for his own separate use the lands hereby set 
aside for common use or any part thereof ; and no member of the band 
shall cause or procure the same to be fenced, inclosed or encroached upon, 
or shall attempt to so fence, inclose or encroach upon the said lands or 
to cause or to procure the same to be done. Any member of the band 
who so fences, incloses, encroaches upon or takes or holds for his own 
separate use the said lands or any part thereof shall be deemed to be 
illegally in possession of land in the reserve withiii the meaning of Section 
22 of the Indian Act. 

7. No member of the band shall pasture upon the lands hereby set apart 
for common use more than two head of cattle, two horses or mules, in all 
of such animals belonging to him. 

9. Every member of the band who shall commit any l)rcach or violation 
of any of the provisions of this by-law or who shall disobey or fail to 
observe any of such provisions shall for each offence be liable upon sum- 
mary conviction to a fine not exceeding $30 or to imprisonment not exceeding 
.'50 days in the discretion of the convicting justice Such fine, penalty or im- 
prisonment shall be in addition to any other penalty or liability of the mem- 
ber of the band so convicted. 



69 

THE ABENAKI. 

The beautiful little village of the Abenaki at Pierreville, Quebec, 
consisting of less than four hundred inhabitants, occupying 1,228 
acres on the banks of the St. Francis River, stands out as one of 
the most interesting of all the Indian reserves visited by me. Here 
again is the striking example of Indian civilization advanced to a 
degree comparable with that in the surrounding communities, on 
a closed reserve where no white man has ever been permitted to 
buy land or to live. This Algonquin community is equal in its de- 
velopment to the Iroquois communities I have described. Here 
the art of basket-making is almost the sole occupation to this day 
and the baskets manufactured find a market in all the leading cities 
of Canada and the United States. The baskets are made from sweet 
grass and from ash found on the islands in the St. Francis River 
near the village, and are made in all sizes, in various shapes and 
for every purpose for which baskets may be used. The sweet- 
grass baskets are a beautiful light green in color and are very service- 
able. Every man, woman and child of each family — that is, every 
child when he is not in school, for all the children of school age 
attend school regularly — works the year 'round at this art. 

I visited a number of homes in this village and one of the most 
beautiful things I have ever seen anywhere was in one of these 
homes where I saw a mother with three daughters, the latter rang- 
ing from 16 to 20 years old, working together making baskets. 
The girls, neatly and tastefully dressed, were modest and self- 
possessed and displayed in every way a respect and love for their 
mother which it was a satisfaction to see. While there were notice- 
able different degrees of prosperity in the village, none appeared 
to be really poor. The houses are all built of wood, many of 
them two stories, furnished as well as the average white artisan's 
home, with pianos in some of them. While there is a considerable 
admixture of French blood, the Indian type is still dominant. The 
women are particularly graceful and beautiful. 

The x\benaki before the seventeenth century lived in Maine and 
early took sides with the French against the English, the French 
Jesuit missionaries having had the same wide influence in the shap- 
ing of their religious, moral and intellectual life as they did that of 
the Iroquois at Caughnawaga. The Abenaki retain their own lan- 
guage, in which the business of the council is transacted. 

The council is elective for a term of three years and has a chief 
and four councillors or assistant chiefs. The agent is a member 



70 

of the band, as is the priest, the Rev. Joseph de Gonzague, one of 
the strongest and most striking Indian types I have ever seen. The 
priest here records the births and deaths and has a most interesting 
Abenaki-French manuscript dictionary, the work of the mission- 
aries, which Father de Gonzague is bringing down to date, adding 
newly-coined words as they are formed to meet new conditions. The 
health of the Abenaki is good, there being no trachoma, and not an 
excessive number of cases of tuberculosis among them. There are 
two day schools; one Catholic, with an enrollment of C9 pupils, con- 
ducted for the last 32 years by the Grey Nuns of the Cross from 
Ottawa, and one conducted by the Church of England, with an en- 
rollment of IG. These Indians are all fond of music and some of 
them are accomplished musicians. A young Indian woman of this 
village won a prize in an international piano contest a few years ago. 
While there are no signs of active initiative and no strenuosity 
in this little village, the people all appear to be industrious and 
happy and there is a manifest public sentiment against vice and 
lawlessness of all kinds among them. These nearly ideal condi- 
tions are, in my judgment, a result of the influence of the church 
for several centuries in the education of these people, combined 
with the common-sense policy in Canada which has held them to- 
gether on the land and provided for them a body of law simple, 
thorough, adequate, and the means of advancing in self-govern- 
ment, content to civilize them as Indians in their own environment 
under the influence of their own arts and language, and not trying 
to make white men of them in a few years. An Indian civilization 
such as that of the Abenaki, more than 300 years in the making, is 
worth waiting for, and it is full of suggestion for administrators of 
Indian Affairs in this country. 

THE HURONS AT LORETTE. 

I do not want to multiply unnecessarily illustrations of Indian 
civilization in eastern Canada where the churches and government 
have been working for several centuries, but I must give a few 
paragraphs to the 500 Huron Indians at Lorette, ten miles from 
the City of Quebec and its temptations, who, like the Abenaki 
and the Caughnawaga, are a nearly self-governing, well-behaved, 
progressive, Christian community. 

This village has' a chief and four councillors and the agent is a 
member of the band. Government in this village is the thing least 



71 

in evidence. Everybody seemed to be too busy to think about gov- 
ernment and there appeared to be little need for it. There is no 
such officer as "constable" and no other peace officer ; and there 
never has been a jail in the village. Interest on band funds pays 
the meagre expenses of road or street improvement, while the gov- 
ernment maintains the school. These Indians, unlike others in 
eastern Canada I have described, have lost practically all the dis- 
tinguishing characteristics of Indians, except the arts they follow 
for a living, namely, the manufacture of snow-shoes and mocca- 
sins. The native language long ago disappeared from the pro- 
ceedings of the council and many of them, especially the younger 
Indians, do not speak or understand it. French is the language 
of the band, though many speak English also. The chief of the 
band, Maurice Bastien, more French than Indian, a strong, rugged 
character, conducts a large factory for the manufacture of snow- 
shoes, which are marketed throughout North America. He has 
two sons living in the village, one of whom conducts a large mocca- 
sin factory and the other a large and up-to-date tannery, where 
thousands of skins of East Indian elk and Canadian moose were 
seen in the various stages of tanning. These three plants employ 
practically the entire population of the village, men, women and 
children, who work by the piece and who apparently earn a good 
living, as most of them have comfortable frame houses. Many of 
the homes I visited had carpets on the floors, pictures on the walls, 
and books and newspapers were in evidence in most all, while some 
had pianos. Chief Bastien owns a large home, and he has a most 
interesting collection of wampum belts and relics from the early 
days. He was especially fond of several coins which had been 
handed to a Huron delegation by the King of England in 1825, on 
the occasion of an official visit to the mother country. He also had 
a priceless ancient war headdress and some bracelets and silverware 
collected by his ancestors. 

I was much interested in the chief's opinions concerning modern 
business methods. For many years the Indian factories at Lorette 
have had almost a monopoly of high-grade moccasins and snow- 
shoes. Recently others, learning the art from the Indians, have 
started similar factories. The chief objected to this, saying that 
the competition had forced prices down so that it was barely possible 
now for the Indians to make a living and that the profits of his 
factory were growing constantly smaller. 

Large orders are sold from these factories in New York, Chicago, 
San Francisco and other cities of the United States. Some of the 



72 



Indian women in this village also make baskets, and, like the Abenaki 
women, once a year take a large supply to "the States" to sell. I 
was taken to the home of the best moccasin maker of the village, 
Caroline Gros Louis, a woman who looked like a full-blood. She 
showed me some of her moccasins, neatly sewed and embroidered 
with moose hair. She also volunteered to dress up in the old 
Indian costume and dance and sing a Huron song. The chief told 
me she was the only Indian in the village who would do this, the 
others being glad to abandon their native language and customs. 

There is no farming on this reserve, but most of the families have 
small gardens, and some keep cows and chickens. A few of 
the Indians are expert guides and hunters who earn good wages 
conducting white hunting parties into the St. Johns country, a 
practice objected to by Chief Bastien who says that the white 
hunters are killing ofif the moose and making their skins cost more 
to the factories in Lorette. 

Tragedy and martyrdom have marked the record of the Jesuits 
in the civilization of these Indians, the priests at one time having 
been massacred by pagan Iroquois. This hostility was met by 
greater zeal for the church on the part of the Hurons. The old 
church in the village, which is still in use, was built from stones 
carried by the Indian women from the St. Charles River nearby. 
In this old church I saw some historic altar ornaments and vest- 
ments given by the ladies of the Court of Louis XIV, one piece, 
a priest's gown, fine silk embroidered with gold thread and precious 
stones, valued at $100,000. 

Every Indian in the village, if measured by the standards which 
determine competency in the United States, would long ago have 
been called competent and given a patent in fee for his small lot 
of land. But if the Indian land policy of the United States had been 
applied to this village, I wonder how many Indian homes there 
would be there now and to what extent would these unique Indian 
factories be run by Indian labor? And I wonder whether with 
white men buying land and living among these Indians, mixing 
religions and customs, the village would have existed without a 
jail and without a constable as long as this one has? 

THE WESTERN RESERVES. 

In discussing the reserves in eastern Canada where the Indians 
have been under the civilizing influences of the church and the 
government working together for several centuries, I have em- 




AliLiiaki Cirls, Pierreville, (Juel)ec. 




JOSEPXi Uli Gll.NZ/ 



Quebec, and their 



iry einel .>! llie Abenaki, 
present missionary. 



73 



phasized the large measure of local self-government enjoyed by 
the Indians there. In the western reserves, while the right to exer- 
cise the same degree of local self-government is guaranteed by the 
Indian Act, the right has been exercised only to a limited degree. 
The reason for this is obvious. The Cree and the three branches 
of the Blackfoot Tribe, namely, the Blood, the Piegan and Black- 
foot, who formerly occupied the greater part of the provinces of 
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, are, like the Plains Indians 
of the United States, scarcely more than a generation away from 
the days of the buffalo, when the nomadic camp life was con- 
trolled by the fortunes of the buflfalo-hunters, or of the warriors 
of the opposing Cree and Sioux and Blackfoot bands. The nomadic 
habits of the Plains Indians in Canada, as in this country, did not 
easily lend themselves to the establishment among them of schools 
and missions. 

The first contact of white civilization with these Indians was 
through the traders of the Hudson's Bay Company on the north, 
and traders from old Fort Benton in the United States on the 
south. To the everlasting shame of those engaged in this early 
trade, it must be admitted that whisky was often the chief and 
first tender made to the Indians for their valuable bufifalo hides. 
Guns, colored blankets and horses were also common means of 
barter, and the imposition upon the ignorance and credulity of the 
Indians in many cases was shameful, the Indians sometimes being 
required to give as many as forty buffalo hides for a single rifle. 
In western Canada the Methodist and the Catholic churches had 
missionaries who exerted their influence against the evil practices 
of the whisky trade, and finally succeeded in having whisky elimi- 
nated from the Indian traffic of the Hudson's Bay Company. How- 
ever, the bootlegger did a thriving business on the frontier, and 
the first attention which the government of Canada gave to these 
western tribes was in 1874, when the Royal Northwest Mounted Police 
were sent to the Indian lands to prevent disturbances which in- 
variably followed the barter of whisky for buffalo hides, and often 
resulted in numerous killings. 

With the Northwest Mounted Police to keep out "fire water" 
active attempts at christianization were undertaken by the mis- 
sionaries with the co-operation of the government, and the great 
northwestern territory was gradually made safe for white settle- 
ment by these twin agencies of peace and justice, the missionaries 
here as in the east giving the first instruction to the Indians and 
deserving the chief credit for their later advancement. 



74 

At the same time, in the early seventies the Canadian govern- 
ment began its epoch of treaty-making with the western tribes, the 
ten principal treaties being signed between 1871 and 1877. The 
practical disappearance of the bufTalo from 1878 to 1880, soon 
after the signing of the treaties, forced the Indians to abandon their 
independent life of hunting, and gave the government, almost in 
the twinkling of an eye, a new problem to solve, that of keeping the 
Indians from starving to death. 

The text of these treaties are essentially alike. The Indians 
on their part agree to obey the laws of Canada and maintain peace- 
ful relations between themselves, other tribes and the King's sub- 
jects. 

The following conditions are generally agreed to on the part of 
the crown government : 

(1) Special reserves in area sufficient for one square mile to each family 
of five. 

(2) An annual payment of $5.00 to each Indian man, woman and child, 
and an additional payment of $20.00 to each chief and $10.00 to each coun- 
cillor or headman. 

(U) The establishment of schools. 

(4) Annual grants for the purchase of ammunition, twine and nets. 

(5) Agricultural implements and tools at a certain ratio to the population, 
to be furnished to all. 

The government claims to have performed with generosity every 
one of these obligations. 

The provisions for annuities and annual grants for the purchase 
of ammunition, twine and nets are interesting reminders of the 
early days when England and its colonies treated the Indians as a 
sovereign people, and to keep them in friendly attitude made lavish 
presents each year until the Indians acquired the habit of thinking 
the presents were in the nature of an annual royalty to which they 
were entitled for permitting the white subjects of the crown to 
live among them. About the middle of the nineteenth century, when 
the English government began to exercise the policy of education, 
definite effort was made to cut off the system of presents which 
were breeding idleness and bringing deterioration to the Indian race. 
It was dangerous, or at least unwise, to change the policy all at 
once. Accordingly, a beginning was made by commuting the pres- 
ents for agricultura-1 implements or other articles useful in the 
promotion of industry. And so, when the treaties were made, the 
government, while unable to get away entirely from the demoralizing 



75 

old system of presents, recognized the system outright only in the 
small cash annuity, while the substitution of agricultural implements 
and even ammunition, twine and nets represents an attempt of 
the government to confine the giving of presents to such articles 
as might be used to encourage the Indians in industry and self- 
support. 

The first years after the disappearance of the bufifalo were pre- 
carious ones for these Indians, and the government of Canada 
was compelled to respond as the government of the United States 
did at the same time in dealing with the plains Indians by issuing 
beef rations in wholesale. This substitute for the cherished buffalo 
meat helped to keep them satisfied on the reserves, while they were 
being encouraged to take up the more settled industries of farm- 
ing and stock-raising, and were being brought into intercourse with 
traders who supplied them with some of the necessities of life. 
Meanwhile the vast unreserved areas of their former domain were 
being opened up to white settlement. 

Their reserves were small in comparison with the reservations 
in the United States, a separate reserve often being set apart to 
a small band, the followers of a chief. This policy, following in a 
sense the social organization to which they were accustomed, pleased 
the Indians, while breaking up the tribes into small units ; and, 
scattering them geographically, made it difificult for the units to 
combine for offensive purposes against the government at a time 
when the Indians outnumbered the white settlers on the frontier 
and when a jug of whisky might start an Indian outbreak at any 
moment. 

While it was not the intention of the Canadian government to 
give its Indians more land in the reserves than they could use bene- 
ficially, nevertheless, it transpired that one square mile to a family 
was generally more than could be used. Most of the reserves, there- 
fore, have been reduced by surrenders to the crown from time to 
time. Generally, these surrenders, like those of the Six Nations, 
have created funds, the interest on which has been utilized to pay 
a part of the legitimate costs of local government and of schools. 
In some cases, however, notably the Black foot and Sarcee reserves, 
which will be discussed hereafter, the terms of surrender provided 
permanent rations or other benefits, which, like many of the Indian 
treaties in this country, have saddled upon the tribes benefits which 
are, in fact, obstacles to advancement. 

One feature of the Canadian Indian /\ct relating to the sur- 
render of Indian lands worth noting is the requirement that no re- 



76 

lease or surrender is valid or binding unless assented to by a ma- 
jority of the male members of the band of the full age of twenty-one. 
A sharp distinction is made also between the capital funds derived 
from the sale of Indian lands and the interest thereon. The capital 
funds can be expended only for the purchase of land or cattle 
for the band or in the construction of permanent improvements 
upon the reserve such as will have permanent value or will, when 
completed, properly represent capital ; and such expenditure can 
be made only zvith the consent of the band, and the approval of 
His Excellency the Governor General in Council. It is worthy of 
remark that the capital funds of the band cannot be spent by the 
department, but have the double safeguard — the consent of the band, 
and the approval of the Governor General in Council to whom this 
function has been delegated by Parliament. The interest may be 
used for current expenses. The payment of interest or annuity 
to an individual, however, may be stopped by the Superintendent 
General of Indian Afifairs on various grounds, including wife de- 
sertion, or parentage of an illegitimate child, in which cases the 
money is used for the support of the deserted wife or the illegiti- 
mate child. And when the band, being able to do so, fails to pro- 
vide for its aged or destitute members, its funds may be used by the 
Superintendent General for their relief. 

The Indian Act, in requiring the consent of the band before their 
capital funds may be used, is in striking contrast to the past and 
present practice of our government in appropriating and using 
Indian funds for constructing irrigation ditches and for purposes of 
administration, often without consulting the Indians. 

The general principles governing reserve management in Canada 
heretofore presented and the discussion of those principles in con- 
nection with the Indian reserves in eastern Canada will make un- 
necessary a detailed discussion of the same principles concerning 
the reserves in western Canada. The following paragraphs regard- 
ing individual reserves will be presented, therefore, with the pur- 
pose mainly of permitting comparison of the cost and methods 
of administration in the two countries where certain Indian tribes 
of each have reached about the same stage of development. It 
will be well in this connection to think of the Chippewa and Cree 
in Canada in comparison with the Chippewa of Minnesota, Wis- 
consin and Michigan, and the Piegan, Blood, Blackfoot and Sarcee 
of Alberta in comparison with the Piegan on the Blackfoot Reser- 
vation in the State of Montana. These comparisons are suggested 
not alone by blood relationship which exists in most cases, but by 



77 

the fact that about the same period of time covers the definite at- 
tempts toward civiHzation which have been made by the two gov- 
ernments, and also by a similarity of physical environment in the 
two countries. 

THE CHIPPEWA, MUNSEE AND ONEIDA. 

In Middlesex County on the bank of the Thames River in the 
Province of Ontario are situated three small bands of these tribes 
under one agent. The Oneida, numbering 778, live on a reserve 
of 5,27] acres ; the Chippewa, 480, on 8,702 acres ; and the Munsee, 
115, on 2,098 acres. The Indians of these bands have the usual 
tribal councils but they need few by-laws for their simple life. They 
live in neat frame houses and a few in houses of brick or stone. 
Only a comparatively small number engage wholly in farming, the 
soil for the most part being light, and some of it swamp and covered 
with bush. Most of them earn a good living from pulling flax, 
picking berries, cutting wood and working in canning factories 
outside the reserve. Most of the children of school age are in three 
neat day schools on the reserves. I visited all these schools, two 
of which had Indian teachers, and found the children a bright, 
healthy-looking lot, free from all traces of trachoma. The houses, 
most of which I saw from an automobile, and a number of which 
I visited, were sanitary in appearance, though not elaborate in 
their furnishings. They reminded me much of the homes of the 
Chippewa I have seen in Michigan, but the homes of the Oneida 
were not as elaborate and prosperous in appearance as the homes 
of the Oneida in Wisconsin. These Indians are wholly self-sup- 
porting, and doubtless would be more prosperous if they had better 
land. While they are law-abiding, there is some drunkenness 
among them and the marriage vows are not kept as strictly as they 
should be. Some of the children attend the Mt. Elgin Institute 
(Methodist) nearby, which is one of the best Indian boarding schools 
I have ever seen, the principal, Rev. McVitty, exerting himself to 
improve the material as well as the spiritual welfare of old and 
young on the reserves as well as the young under his supervision 
in the school. All the Indians on these reserves speak English, most 
of them having forgotten their native language. The total cost 
of administration of these three reserves in 1913-14, for superintend- 
ent, clerk and livery, was $1,050. There are no other government- 
paid employees, the physician working under the call system. 



78 

OJIBWAY OF LAKE SUPERIOR (ONTARIO). 

The Ciardcn River band of Ojibway, 438 in number occupy a 
reserve of 2,900 acres, beginning six miles east of the city of Sault 
Ste. Marie, and extending ten miles along the north shore of St. 
Mary's River. Nearly all of these Indians have tuberculosis and do 
not present a hopeful appearance, though they all live in fairly good 
houses. They are about equally divided between the Catholic and 
Anglican churches, each of which conducts a day school on the 
reserve. An example of harmony between these churches that 
could well be commended to the churches doing Indian missionary 
work in the United States, I saw on this reserve. The teacher of 
the Anglican day school is a cultured man, intensely devoted to his 
work. The government furnishes the medicine for the school 
children. The Catholic missionary, whose school is nearly a mile 
from the Anglican school, sends his pupils to the Anglican teacher 
for medicines and there is not the least evidence of any friction or 
jealousy between the two. It was my privilege to meet the physi- 
cian, who is paid $500 a year out of band funds to treat the sick on 
this reserve and who drives out from Sault Ste. Marie for that pur- 
pose when called. While the houses and yards look sanitary, the 
physician told me there was tuberculosis in almost every family. 

This reserve was organized in 1850 and has been reduced by 
surrenders, the interest on the proceeds from which pays the salaries 
of the teachers of the two day schools, the government furnishing 
the buildings. 

The local government of the band is vested in a chief and four 
councilmen, the former drawing $100 a year from band funds. 
On this reserve road improvement has been paid for out of the 
capital fund with the band's consent. In addition to the interest 
income from the capital land fund, which amounts to $4 a year 
per capita, there is deposited annually to the credit of the band $500 
from licenses on timber sold. 

No farming is done on this reserve outside of small gardens ; 
nearly all the able-bodied Indians working at fairly good wages 
at river-driving or loading lumber on vessels. 

The su])erintendent of this reserve draws $1,200 a year, has two 
other reserves under his jurisdiction and has no assistant. 

EDMONTON A(;ENCY (ALBERTA). 

Edmonton Agency comprises five small reserves, with a total popu- 
lation of about 600 Indians, and a total area of approximately 



4\' 




. \ \, \ 



79 

85,000 acres. I visited only the Enoch reserve, a Cree reserve 
under the immediate supervision of the superintendent. Two of 
the others have resident farmers because of the long distances from 
the superintendent, while two have no resident employees at all. 
The plan here of permitting the old Indians to go their way, using 
common band lands upon which to graze their stock, or from 
which to cut hay or pickets, while assigning locations of agricultural 
land to the young men desiring to farm, is similar in most respects 
to the methods at File Hills, described elsewhere in this report. 
The band funds here pay the physician at the rate of $10 a call 
(he drives from Edmonton, about ten miles), or $1 for office con- 
sultation. 

Those who live on individual tracts do not receive the usual 
location tickets. The location is agreed upon between the Indian 
and the agent and council ; the wire for the outside fence is paid 
for out of band funds ; the individual gets out his own posts and 
builds the fence. 

There is a small sawmill on the reserve, from which rough lum- 
ber is manufactured free for the Indians' houses. The Indians 
haul the logs to the mill and help to saw them. The individual 
Indian pays for the windows and furnishing lumber. If he has not 
sufificient cash for this, the money is advanced from band funds 
for two years without interest. The agent sees that all new houses 
are made sanitary. 

There are no day schools on any of these reserves. Most of the 
children attend the boarding school at St. Albert (Catholic). 

In accordance with the terms of the surrender agreements, on 
Enoch reserve, the Indians receive rations every Monday, consisting 
of 1^ pounds of beef and five pounds of flour a day. Implements 
and horses on this reserve are purchased out of band funds, and 
lent to industrious individuals. If they fail to make beneficial 
use of this equipment it is promptly taken away from them under 
the terms of the agreement by which it was obtained. The cattle 
are owned by individuals but are under government control, and 
their sale is super^ased and the ''bull fund" kept up by exactly 
the same plan as that followed at File Hills. The government pays 
in salaries for the five reserves under this agency $331.66 a month. 
Most of these Indians farm, though $10,750 was earned in 1913 
by hunting and trapping. The total income of the 667 Indians 
from all sources in 1913 was $63,262, or nearly $100 per capita. 
On this reserve is a colony for the old and destitute Indians. 

While visiting St. Albert School near this reserve, I had the 



80 

pleasure of calling on Archbishop Legal, a man who had many years 
of experience as a missionary among the Indians, a part of it in 
the United States. He, like Father Hugonard at Qu' Appelle 
School, is a strong advocate of the idea of a separate reserve or 
colony for graduate pupils, and also believes the denominational 
school for Indians superior to the strictly government, non-sectarian 
school. 

HOBBEMA AGENCY. 

This is a group of four reserves occupied by 781 Indians and 
containing T(),420 acres, under a superintendent who served as a 
mounted policeman in the same country in J 874, and, like the super- 
intendents at Edmonton and File Hills, and many other Indian 
agents in Canada, speaks the language of the Indians under his 
jurisdiction. These Indians are mostly Cree. The total salaries 
of employees for the four reserves is $5,040 a year. There have 
been small sales of land here, the annual interest amounting to 
$3 per capita. The destitute draw rations amounting to $2,500 a 
year from the government. I was much interested to find here a 
treaty issue by the government of twine for fishing nets; shot, 
powder and caps ; and wire for snaring rabbits. From hunting, 
trapping and fishing these Indians earn $10,000 a year, while from 
stock raising and hay, their largest industries, they receive $15,000. 
Besides visiting the two schools on these reserves, one Catholic 
(boarding) and one Anglican (day), I drove over a large portion of 
the reserves. The children at the day school are collected each day. 
The driver receives $35 a month. The children help the teacher 
prepare a noon-day lunch. The day school here is ineffective; the 
children should be in boarding schools. I was informed that they 
all had vermin in their heads, and the teacher said this condition 
could not be prevented till the home conditions improved. The In- 
dians live in fairly sanitary houses and are in good health, but they 
are not as a whole progressive. 

SARCEE AGENCY. 

This reserve contains 69,120 acres occupied by 194 Indians. These 
Indians belong to the Athabascan group and formerly belonged to 
the Blackfoot confederacy. They live only 12 miles from Calgary, 
a good many of th^m drink to excess; a large percentage of them 
are afflicted with tuberculosis, and, altogether, they seem not to be 
making much progress. The day I visited them was council day and 
ration day, and all the Indians were at the agency. The one 



U i 




81 

commendable quality I saw them demonstrate was that of loyalty. 
During my presence at the council they unanimously voted $1,000 
from their band funds as a donation to Canada's patriotic fund. 

The total income of these Indians in 1913 was $16,000, about 
$80 per capita, half of which was from the sale of wood. Though 
the reserve is excellent farm and grazing land, only 650 acres are 
farmed by the Indians and they own only 182 head of cattle. 

Their houses in the past have been air-tight, insanitary log struc- 
tures, mudded over, hot houses for tuberculosis. From the sale of 
lands under a recent surrender, small two-room houses with fire 
places have been built for them. This may not help as much as it 
should, as they did not ask for the houses and not one of them has 
erected a house for himself. 

These Indians looked about the most hopeless of any I saw in 
Canada. In physical appearance they reminded me much of the 
Apaches on Fort Apache Reservation in Arizona. 

By the terms of the last surrender these Indians receive a daily 
ration of ^ pound of beef and ^^ pound of flour purchased from 
band funds, which makes another bar to their progress. On this 
reserve a grazing permit for $1,500 a year is in force and the income 
is used to pay employees. The Indians agree to this. There is a 
neat boarding school with capacity of 33 and hospital here, con- 
ducted by the Anglican church. The population is steadily de- 
creasing. 

BLOOD, BLACKFOOT AND PEIGAN RESERVES. 

These reserves will be discussed under one head because the In- 
dians all belong to the Black foot nation ; they all occupy excellent 
grazing land, much of it well adapted to agriculture by "dry farm- 
ing" methods, similar in physical character to the land occupied 
by the Black foot and Fort Peck Indians in the United States, 
though the winter climate on these reserves is tempered by the 
Chinook winds, which makes them even better adapted to stock- 
raising than the reservation of Montana mentioned. 

In physique, these Indians are a sturdy, rugged type, and their 
general health, because of the ample supply of nutritious food, 
which they have always had, is better than that of their brothers 
across the line in Montana. There is scarcely any trachoma among 
them, and tuberculosis is being combatted by the requirement of 
open fire-places in all new houses built, and by requiring all Indians 
to clean up their premises twice a year and whitewash their houses, 



inside and out. Only those desirous and capable of farming are 
located on individual tracts of land, others using the land of the 
reserves in common. 

The following statistics concerning the income of the Indians of 
these three reserves and the cost and character of administration, 
followed by similar statistics from the Black foot reservation in the 
United States form a basis for some interesting and helpful com- 
parisons : 

1913. 
Blood, Blackfoot, Piegan, Blackfoot, 

Canada. Canada. Canada. U. S. 

Population 1,140 752 457 2,842 

Area of reserve 

(acres) 354,086 175,580 93,141i/^ 1,503,450 

Farmed by Indians 

(acres) 1,737 36 1,824 5,000 

Income of Indians 
from their own 
efforts : 
Farm products and 

hay $24,000.00 $9,295.00 $22,000.00 

Beef 14,348.84 11,995..50 8,000.00 $310,024.00 

Wages earned 17,751.87 12,000.00 1,000.00 22,095.00 

Fishing, hunting 

and trapping 750.00 

Other industries... 5,500.00 19,800.00 4,000.00 2,500.00 

Total $61,600.71 $53,840.50 $35,000.00 $334,619.00 

Average per 

capita $54.10 $76.59 $80.08 $117.74 

Horses 2,458 1,871 1,434 6,100 

Cattle 3,279 1,085 1,060 12,106 

Sheep 3,600 

Swine 5 510 

Agent Agent Agent Supt. 

Clerk Accountant Clerk 4 Assts. 

Stenographer Physician Physician 11 Policemen 

Physician 3 Farmers Farmer 4 Mechanics 

Employes: 3 Farmers Stockman Stockman 3 Physicians 

Stockman Interpreter Blacksmith 6 Farmers 

Interpreter Interpreter 8 For. guards 
Asst. Interpeter 5 Misc. 
Mail Carrier 

Total compensation.. $7,500.00 $6,400.00 $5,020.00 $25,302.00 



83 

The evils of cash annuities characteristic of some of the Indian 
treaties in the United States have been avoided in a measure in 
Canada, by using a part of the proceeds of sale of surrendered land 
as an advance or loan fund to encourage Indians in industry, a 
system similar to the loan policy established by the United States 
Indian Bureau about four years ago. 

The terms of a surrender of part of the Blackfoot Reserve are 
most interesting and suggestive and are worthy of full statement : 

On June 18th, 1910, 115,000 acres of the Blackfoot reserve were sur- 
rendered. 

The total amount of the sale was not to be less than $1,600,000, or an 
average of $13.91 per acre. This amount was to be divided into three 
funds. The sum of $50,000.00 was to be set aside for the purpose of 
purchasing work horses, farm wagons, harness, feed oats, mowers and 
rakes, for working Indians to permit them to begin farming. The amount 
expended for each Indian is to be paid back and credited to the fund within 
six years, from the proceeds of the sale of his harvests. 

The sum of $350,000 was to be expended within five years in the interest 
of the reserve in general. One hundred and sixty cottages were to be 
erected and furniture supplied; 100 stables and two buildings in which to 
house machinery. Two complete agricultural motors, gang ploughs, grain 
separators and farm machinery were to be purchased. This fund was to 
pay the cost of boring wells where they were required, or to purchase a 
well-boring outfit. It was also to defray the expense of general repairs 
to roads, culverts and fences, seed grain and grass seed. 

The residue from the sale of the land was to be capitalized. The interest 
accruing from this capital together with the interest on any deferred pay- 
ments on surrendered land was to be used to defray all expenses of operat- 
ing the agricultural motors and machinery and grain elevators ; to meet 
such general expenses as should be in the interest of the band, and to 
pay the cost of blankets and food for aged and infirm, as well as a regular 
weekly ration to all members of the band. This ration was set at seven 
pounds of meat, five of flour weekly, and one pound of tea monthly for 
each single member. 

The terms on which reimbursement of band funds expended for 
mowers, rakes, wagons, horses and harness is required by the 
Canadian Indian department, contain some most helpful suggestions 
to those handling the reimbursable industrial appropriations lent 
to Indians in the United States. The terms of reimbursement of 
band funds in the Blackfoot reserve are briefly as follows: 

1. First two years, no payments required. 

2. For five years thereafter one-fifth paid each year. 

3. The repayments are returned to the band funds and are used 
over and over again for the same purpose. 



84 

In using the surrender funds for improvements on this reserve, 
houses and improvements on cornering 80-acre tracts arc built 
in groups of four, one well sufficing for the four families. 

All sales on the three Blackfoot reserves are by permit from 
the agent. But, the permit contains only a statement of the quantity 
to be sold, the Indian being free to find a buyer and secure the 
highest possible price. 

Ration System on the Blood Reserve. 

Nearly all the cattle sold by the Indians from these reserves are 
purchased by the government and issued in rations to the Indians. 
An interesting method of encouraging Indians to voluntarily abandon 
the ration system has been adopted on the Blood reserve, where 
all Indians receive rations. They are divided into three classes, 
to wit: Self-supporting, destitute, and semi-destitute. 

An Indian, if he is young and able-bodied and has a small family, 
is classed as "self-supporting" when he has three beef steers. If 
he is less able to work, is older and has a large family it would be 
necessary for him to have four or five steers to kill yearly. Once 
on self-support all beef belonging to the Indian in excess of the 
amount eaten by him is paid for by the department at the rate of 8^ 
cents per pound. 

Self-supporting Indians draw their own beef and buy their 
flour, the beef issue being handled as follows : 

When a self-supporting Indian has a steer killed through the 
agency ration house he is given credit for the amount of that beef 
in an individual account book and permitted to draw from the issuer 
an amount of beef equal to one pound a day, the number of pounds 
issued being charged against his credit. 

Destitute Indians are those who are blind or incapable for other 
reasons of earning wages. They are supplied with a free ration 
of six pounds of beef and live pounds of flour per capita a week. 
Should they have an occasional steer killed they are paid for it 
by the department at the rate of six cents per pound. 

Semi-destitute Indians are those who are able-bodied, but have 
few or no cattle. They receive a free ration of three pounds of 
beef and three pounds of flour per capita a week. Should they 
have any steers killed they are paid for at the rate of six cents 
per pound. The aim is to gradually reduce the free ration but 
to still issue beef and flour for which the self-supporting Indians 



85 

must pay, either by turning in beef or cash. But no Indian is allowed 
to want. 

The idea is kept before the Indian, however, that he is really 
entitled to no free rations. Cereals, vegetables, milk, etc., are being 
encouraged as a part of the Indians' diet in the place of meat. 
At the present time, however, a Blood Indian would never feel 
satisfied unless he had beef to eat and if it were not issued to 
him he would get it for himself by the most available means. Fol- 
lowing is a statement which shows actual returns for some of 
the beef killed at one of the ration houses. 

It shows Indian Chief Moon, a self-supporting Indian, to have 
had a steer killed weighing 760 pounds. His ration is credited 
with 736 pounds, which he will draw semi-weekly until consumed. 
He contributes $3.00 to a fund to purchase bulls. 

Sarcee Estate, another self-supporting Indian who had killed 
a steer weighing 950 pounds, contributes one cent per pound to 
the ranch fund to pay upkeep of the herd (hay, round-up, etc.), 
$2.00 to bull fund and receives $69.25 himself. He receives 8^ 
cents per pound for his beef, but he has beef to his credit on the 
beef book, so he will be paid in full for this steer. 

Hairy Bull has had a cow killed for beef. He will be required 
to make the regular contribution to the bull and ranch fund and 
the residue is placed in the heifer fund for the purpose of buying 
a young cow. No Indians are paid for cow beef, but the value 
goes to purchase a heifer. 

Destitute or semi-destitute Indians make the same contribution 
to the ranch and bull funds and are paid six cents per pound for 
their beef. 

When an Indian goes to the ration house to get his beef he pre- 
sents to the issuer a ticket, or, if he is self-supporting, a book. This 
ticket or book has stamped on it his treaty number, the number 
in his family and he draws accordingly. A square ticket is used by 
the destitute Indian and entitles the holder to a ration of three 
pounds of beef and three pounds of flour twice a week. A rectangu- 
lar ticket is used by the semi-destitute and entitles the holder 
to three pounds of beef and three pounds of flour once a week. 
When an Indian comes with a book he is entitled to draw three 
pounds per head twice a week; this amount is charged in a sheet 
that the issuer has and is also entered in the book which the Indian 
hands the issuer. 

Every ticket has on it a ration number. When the ticket is 
called out the issuer or assistant checks it ofif on his ration sheet 



S6 

which bears the date of issue. Should the same ticket be presented 
at some other ration house, a different colored pencil used in check- 
ing shows that the ration had already been drawn. 

Considerable latitude is left to the judgment of the issuer as to the 
amount of issue. An Indian may have a destitute ticket and be 
entitled to it for eight months of the year, but if during the other 
four months his family is in position to earn something, his ration 
is reduced accordingly. 

Generally speaking, the policy is to feed the Indian well, while 
advancing stock raising and farming to increase the self-supporting 
class as rapidly as possible. 

Cattle Raising on Blood Reserve. 

On the Blood reserve most of the cattle are run in a common 
herd, carrying the brand of the individual owner, and cared for 
by Indians employed by the government. When fit for market 
they are rounded up by the agency force and slaughtered, or in 
rare cases sold outside. The Indian owners are required to put 
up one ton of hay per head each year for their cattle and deliver 
it at some feeding point designated by the superintendent. Until 
this hay has been put up, the Indian is not permitted to sell any 
hay to outsiders. Formerly on this reserve the Indians cared 
for their stock in individual herds and a few individuals still care 
for them in this manner. Cattle stealing has been increasing on the 
Blood reserve. It may be suggested that this is the result in part 
of lack of interest in their cattle on the part of individual owners, 
owing to the common herd idea. 

Cattle Raising on the Blackfoot Reserve. 

I believe the plan of modified individual control on the Black- 
foot reserve is a better plan than the one on the Blood reserve. 
On that reserve the individual is responsible for his own cattle, 
and he stacks his hay near his home in order to keep his cattle 
near him in the winter. An expert stockman, paid by the govern- 
ment, looks after all the stock on the reserve and advises the Indians 
as to their feeding and care. He requires the Indian owner to 
stack one ton of hay for each head. Until the Indian does this 
and receives a note to that effect from the stockman he can 
obtain no permit from the superintendent to sell any cattle or hay 
or other produce; the hay is always put up. If the Indian has only 



87 



a few head and cannot afford to give up an opportunity to work 
away from home in the winter, the stockman will take care of the 
Indian's cattle for him at $3 a head for calves or $5 a head for 
steers or cows ; the responsibility thus never leaves the Indian 
owner. Full-blood bulls are purchased by the government, the 
bull fund being created, as in other parts of Canada, by a deposit 
of $2 from the proceeds of every head sold. 

The Indians of the Blackfoot reserve also pay their blacksmith 
bills on the basis of the actual cost of the service. 

On all these reserves the order system is used to help worthy 
Indians secure credit for needed purchases. A sample of the 
order used for this purpose follows : 



No Blood AGENCY 

July 15 1914. 

(Must be surrendered on payment) 

To Jno. Jones 

Please supply Rough Hair 

1 5-ft. Deering Mower 



to the amount of 65 Dollars. 

Note. — The Indian Agent will un- 
dertake the collection of this account 
if the goods specified and within the 
above amount only are supplied. Any 
deviation will invalidate the order and 
relieve the agent of responsibility. 



No Blood AGENCY 

July 20, 1914. 
(This coupon should be filled up in 
detail and sent to the INDIAN 
AGENCY OFFICE immediately 
after the goods are supplied. No 
other invoice is required.) 

Supplied to Rough Hair 

By Jno. Jones 

the following items : 



Indian Agent. 



5 ft. Deering 
Mower, 



65 



cts. 
00 



This system is not abused, the Indians never being permitted to 
over-reach their ability to meet their obligations, and the law is 
so strictly enforced that dealers seldom break over the attempt 
secretly to sell Indians on credit, no sales being made except ap- 
proved orders. 

On all these reserves band funds are advanced to break new 
ground, the individual later returning the actual cost, a plan very 



88 

similar to the one followed on the Fort Peck reservation in Mon- 
tana during the past four years. 

On the Blood reserve large tracts of choice agricultural land some- 
what remote from the homes of the Indians have been broken up 
and assigned to Indians who live in tents near their work during 
the farming season. This community system of farming has pro- 
duced considerable grain, but it is objectionable in that it takes 
men from their homes and discourages stock raising which should 
go hand in hand with agriculture. 

While there is some traffic in liquor on these reserves, it is neg- 
ligible, owing to the severity of the Indian liquor laws and the effect- 
iveness of the Northwest Mounted police in their enforcement. 

The education of the children on these reserves is chiefly under 
the guidance of the Catholic and Anglican churches, whose mis- 
sionaries keep in close touch with the pupils and their parents both 
during and after the school period, and the moral standards of the 
Indians on the reserves are comparatively high. Each reserve has a 
good hospital, two of them conducted by the Anglican church and 
one by the Catholic. The government furnishes the physicians and 
the medicine and pays the nurses who are employed by the churches. 
The plan works admirably. It ought to be the plan in this country. 

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS. 

Following are some of the features of Canadian Indian law and 
administration which are worthy of particularly earnest considera- 
tion in connection with Indian affairs in the United States : 

1. The brief and simple Indian Act of Canada furnishes a form 
and plan suitable for a consolidated Indian Act adapted to customs, 
usages and laws in the United States. 

2. A law, similar to Canada's, should be enacted defining an 
Indian. 

3. While it is too late to adopt the "closed reserve" policy in the 
United States we should slow up in the allotment of our unalloted 
reservations and make beneficial use a condition to making further 
allotments, following the practice of Canada in granting "locations" 
to her Indians. 

4. The condition of the half-breeds in Canada, if we had no 
similar examples in this country, should be a warning against too 
early removal of restrictions from the lands of Indians in the United 
States. 

5. The Canadian plan of co-operation between the government 




KesiTv... AIIh 




"y \ "^'"(|\<*r',j\:^'^*j ''*t',^"*** ■'* ,^*^ ^ 





Improved Appearance after Owner Started Farming. 




H 







I'empoiai-y residences of Blood Indians on their commnnity farms. 



and the churches in the education and christianizing of Indians and 
the use of government funds to pay for their education and support 
in denominational schools and to pay part or all the salary of nurses 
employed in church hospitals which treat Indians, is worthy of 
serious consideration in this country. 

6. The exercise of magisterial authority by Indian agents in 
Canada is one of the main reasons for the efficiency of administra- 
tion on its Indian reserves. Similar jurisdiction should be con- 
ferred by Congress on Indian superintendents in the United States. 

7. The definite judicial procedure for the punishment of offenses 
on Indian Reservations in Canada suggests a proper substitute 
for the anomalous, incomplete, unregulated and irresponsible judi- 
cial procedure of the so-called courts of Indian offenses on un- 
allotted Indian reservations in the United States. 

8. The Indian liquor laws and methods of administering them, 
in Canada, furnish models which should be adopted by our gov- 
ernment. 

9. The File Hills colony for ex-pupils embodies ideal methods of 
dealing with returned students which are practicable to adopt on 
many reservations in the United States. 

10. The simple, liberal and localized plan of supervising the busi- 
ness affairs of Indians in Canada could be adopted to advantage 
here. 

11. The system of supervising the Indian cattle industry in Can- 
ada, especially the system on the Black foot reserve, is an ideal one 
for the reservations of this country and superior to any plan so far 
developed here. 

12. The fact that not a single transfer was made last year in the 
agency service of Canada is full of eloquent suggestion to those 
charged with the administration of Indian affairs in this country, 
where approximately 50 per cent, of the service is transferred an- 
nually. 

Frederick H. Abbott, 

Secretary. 



90 

APPENDIX. 

EXHIBIT A. — How Funds are Appropriated. 

The department prepares annually a list of its requirements for the coming 
fiscal year. The estimates are carefully prepared, based upon estimates 
made by the Indian agents, and are first submitted to the Minister of the 
Interior, an explanation being given regarding each item whether of an 
extraordinary character or not. 

These items having been scrutinized by the minister, such amounts as 
are approved by him are next submitted to the treasury board, which is 
a committee composed of members of the government, who report on all 
matters relating to expenditure. 

Such items as are approved by the board are then submitted to the privy 
council where they are finally passed upon before being printed in the esti- 
mates to be laid before Parliament. These estimates are dealt with by the 
House of Commons in committee of the whole, called the committee of 
supply, where explanations can be asked for, objections raised or amend- 
ments proposed by members of the House. While none but members of 
the House of Commons are permitted to take part in these debates convention 
permits a member of the department who is thoroughly conversant with 
its affairs to sit beside the Minister and to give him such information as 
may be required regarding the several items. This information is repeated 
to the House by the minister. When the committee of supply has finished 
its labors, and all the money votes have been adopted by the House, the 
committee of ways and means which is also a committee of the whole 
House, passes certain resolutions which provide for the grants shown to 
be necessary by the first mentioned committee; and then a bill, called the 
supply or appropriation bill, is introduced by the government to carry out 
the resolutions. When this important bill has passed the usual stages, it is 
sent up to the Senate, where, however, it is never altered, in accordance with 
constitutional usage. The bill is returned to the Commons, and when 
His Excellency has assented to the bills passed by Parliament during the 
session, the speaker of the Commons addresses His Excellency, and asks 
for an assent to the supply bill, and this assent is granted. 

The Audit Act thus defines the manner in which the moneys voted as above 
described become available for use by the several departments : 

"When any sum of money has been granted to His Majesty by Parliament to 
defray expenses for any specified public service, the Governor-General may, 
from time to time, under his sign manual, countersigned by a member of 
the treasury board, authorize and require the Minister of Finance to issue 
out of the moneys in his hands, appropriated for defraying the expenses 
of such service, the sums required, from time to time, to defray such 
expenses, not exceeding the amount of the sum so voted or granted." 

It may be said, however, that the practice under this section is to issue 
one warrant for the whole supply bill. 

The Audit Act deals with the safeguards placed about the expenditure of 
public moneys. 

While adequate provision is made for the prevention of unauthorized 
expenditure of public money, provision has also been made for urgent 
unforeseen necessary expenditure, as follows: 

"If, when Parliament is not in session, any accident happens to any public 
work or building which requires an immediate outlay for the repair thereof, 
or any other occasion arises when any expenditure, not foreseen or pro- 
vided for by Parliament, is urgently and immediately required for the 
public good, then upon the report of the Minister of Finance that there 
is no parliamentary provision, and of the minister having charge of the 
service in question that the necessity is urgent, the Governor in Council may 
order a special warrant to be prepared, to be signed by the Governor-General 
for the issue of the amount estimated to be required, which shall be placed 



91 



by the Minister of Finance to a special account, against wliich cheques may 
issue from time to time, in the usual form, as they are required." 

It is required by the Audit Act also that a statement of the warrants 
issued under the provisions of the above-quoted section shall be presented 
to Parliament for approval not later than the third day of the next ensuing 
session thereof. 



EXHIBIT B.— Laws Regulating Indian Reserves. 

Control: 

The control and management of the land and property of Indians is 
vested in the Minister of the Interior, as Superintendent General of Indian 
Affairs, and provision is made for a department of the civil service called 
the department of Indian Affairs, which has charge and direction, including 
the appointment of the necessary officers. 

The word "reserve" is defined as, any tract or tracts of land set apart 
by treaty or otherwise for the use and the benefit of, and granted to, a 
particular band of Indians of which the legal title is in the crown, and 
includes all the trees, wood, timber, soil, stone, minerals, metals and other 
valuables thereon or therein. 

Tenure of Land by Indians: 

No Indian is deemed to be lawfully in possession of any land in a reserve 
unless he has been or is located for the same by the band or council of 
the band, with the approval of the Superintendent General. A certificate 
of occupancy vests in the holder thereof lawful possession of the lands 
as against all others. A location title does not render the land liable to 
seizure under legal process and the title is transferable only by consent 
of the Superintendent General. Indians may devise or bequeath property 
of any kind in the same manner as any other persons, but no devise of 
land in reserves or any interest therein can be made to any one not entitled 
to reside on the reserve, except to the daughter, children or grandchildren 
of the testator and such devise is not operative until approved by the 
Superintendent General, whose disapproval has the effect of causing an 
intestacy in respect of the property devised. In the case of intestacy, 
property real or personal, devolves upon the next of kin, except that, 
if the next of kin is more remote than a brother or sister, any interest 
of intestate in land in a reserve becomes vested in the crown for the benefit 
of the band owning the reserve. The Superintendent General is given power 
to appoint guardians of minors and their property, with power of removal 
and new appointment, and is made the sole and final judge as to the persons 
entitled to the property of a deceased Indian, with power to direct the 
sale, lease, or other disposition thereof, and the distribution or application 
of the proceeds. 

Protection: 

The Indian Act contains provision for protection of the reserves from 
trespass by any person or Indian other than an Indian of the band to 
which the reserve belongs, and the protection of individual locations from 
trespass by the members of the band ; and makes provision for the punishment 
of trespassers. 

Improvement: 

The Superintendent General may direct the Indians residing upon the 
reserve to perform labor on the public roads laid out thereon. 



92 



Alienation: 



The Indian Act prohibits the sale, alienation, or lease of a reserve, or any 
portion thereof, until released or surrendered to the crown in accordance 
with the provisions of the Act, provided the Superintendent General may 
lease for the benefit of any Indian without release, or surrender upon appli- 
cation the land to which he is entitled, and may, without surrender, dispose 
to the best advantage in the interest of the Indians of wild grass and dead 
or fallen timber. 

Indian Trust Funds: 

The investment, management and disposal of Indian funds may be regu- 
lated by the Governor in Council; but the consent of the band is required 
for the expenditure of capital moneys in the purchase of lands, or the 
construction of permanent improvements, or for other purposes named 
in the Act. 

Municipal Government: 

The Indian Act contains provision for the municipal government of the 
band by their chiefs and councillors, who are empowered to pass rules 
and regulations, subject to confirmation by the Governor in Council, in 
relation to the care of public health, the observance of order and decorum 
at assemblies of Indians, the repression of intemperance and profligacy, 
the prevention of trespass by cattle, the construction of watercourses, roads, 
bridges, ditches and fences; the construction and repair of school houses 
and other public buildings, and the attendance of children at school. 

The Indian Advancement Act may be applied to any band of Indians 
declared by the Governor in Council to be fit subjects for its application. It 
elaborates the municipal system, and extends the power of the council of the 
band. 

Restricted Liability to Taxation: 

Exemption from taxation of any Indian, or non-Treaty Indian, is pro- 
vided for by the Indian Act, subject to the reservation that he shall be liable 
to be taxed on real estate under a lease, or in fee-simple, or the personal 
property which he holds in his individual right outside the reserve, or 
special reserve. Direct taxation within the Provinces is a matter within the 
exclusive authority of the Provincial Legislature. 

Restrictions on Contracts and Exemptions from Seizure: 

Though under the Indian Act, Indians and non-Treaty Indians may sue 
for debt to them, and compel performance of obligations contracted with 
them, and may sue in respect of any tort or wrong committed upon them, 
no person shall take any security, or otherwise obtain any lien or charge, 
whether by mortgage, judgment, or otherwise, upon real or personal prop- 
erty of any Indian or non-treaty Indian, except on real or personal prop- 
erty subject to taxation, but any person selling any article to an Indian, or 
non-treaty Indian, may take security on such article for any part of the 
price thereof which is unpaid. 

No pawn taken from any Indian, or non-treaty Indian, for any intoxicant 
shall be retained by the person to whom such pawn is delivered but the 
thing so pawned may be recoverable by the Indian, or non-treaty Indian, 
who pawned the same.' 

There is exempted from seizure or distraint presents given to Indians, 
and property purchased or acquired by any annuities granted to Indians, 
and in the possession of any band of Indians, or any Indian of any band. 



93 

The sale, barter, or exchange of such presents is restricted in most of the 
provinces, and every such sale, barter, exchange, or gift is declared to be 
null and void, unless made with the consent of the Superintendent General 
or his agent. 

Application of Annuity or Interest Money of Parent of Illegitimate or of 
Indian Guilty of Desertion: 

The Superintendent General may stop the payment of the interest money 
of, as well as deprive of any participation in the real property of the band, 
any Indian who is proved, to the satisfaction of the Superintendent General, 
guilty of deserting his family, or of conduct justifying his wife or family 
in separating from him, or who is separated from his family by imprison- 
ment ; and the Superintendent General may apply the same towards the 
support of the wife or family of such Indian. The Superintendent General 
may also stop the payment of the annuity and interest money of any Indian, 
parent of an illegitimate child, and apply to the same to the support of 
such child. Similar provisions are made in regard to Indian women. 

Enfranchisement : 

The Indian Act contains provisions in regard to the gradual enfranchise- 
ment of Indians; and grants to Indians on enfranchisement of locations of 
land in accordance with the Act, and of their share of the funds of the band. 

Upon complete enfranchisement, in accordance with the Act, all such 
Indians and their immarried minor children cease in every respect to be 
Indians of any class within the meaning of the Act, or Indians within the 
meaning of any other Act or law. 

Intoxicating Liquors: 

The sale, gift, or supply by any device or in any manner, of an intoxicant, 
as defined by the Act, is punishable on summary conviction by imprisonment 
for not more than six months or less than one month, with or without hard 
labor, or penalty not exceeding $300.00, or not less than $50.00, or both 
penalty and imprisonment in discretion of convicting justice. 

The master or person in charge of any steamer, vessel, or boat, on 
which an intoxicant is sold, bartered, or given to an Indian is liable on sum- 
mary conviction to a penalty not exceeding $300.00 or less than $50.00 with 
cost of prosecution. 

Every Indian who makes or manufactures or has in his possession, or 
sells, barters, supplies, or gives to another Indian any intoxicant shall, on 
summary conviction, be liable to imprisonment of not more than six months 
or less than one month, with or without hard labor, or to a penalty not 
exceeding $100.00, or less than $25.00, or both penalty and imprisonment. 

Indians are competent witnesses under the three preceding sections. 

Permission is granted to use intoxicants in case of sickness under direction 
of a medical man or a minister of religion, but the burden of proof that 
it is so used is placed on the accused. 

The Act provides for arrest by peace officers without warrant of any 
person or Indian found gambling, drunk or in possession of any intoxicant 
on a reserve, and punishment by imprisonment of persons or Indians so 
found not exceeding three months, or penalty not exceeding $50.00 or less 
than $10.00 with costs of prosecution. 

There is provision for search for and forfeiture of keg, barrel, vat, 
or receptacle from which intoxicants have been sold, exchanged, bartered, 
supplied, or given, and also for penalty of $100.00 and not less than $50.00 
and costs of prosecution of any person in whose possession same is found. 

The Act provides for seizure or forfeiture of any ship, vessel, canoe, 
or conveyance employed in carrying intoxicants to be supplied to Indians, and 



94 

prohibits introduction of intoxicants at meetings for Indians for discussion 
or assent to a release or surrender of a reserve on penalty of $200.00 
recoverable bj' action. 

The Act imposes on summary conviction of an Indian found in a state 
of intoxication, imprisonment not exceeding one month, or penalty not 
exceeding $:>0.00 and not less than $.5.00 or both penalty and imprisonment, 
and also provides for arrest without warrant and detention until sober. 

An additional penalty is provided if the Indian charged refuses to 
state where he has procured the intoxicant. 

Indian Dances: 

The celebration of certain festivals, dances, or ceremonies, whereat pres- 
ents are made or human or animal bodies are mutilated is an indictable 
offence, punishment by imprisonment, not less than three months or not 
more than six months. 

Costs of Conviction: 

If any Indian is convicted of any crime punishable by imprisonment in 
a penitentiary or other place of confinement, the costs of procuring such 
conviction and of carrying out the various sentences recorded may be 
defrayed out of annuity or interest money coming to such Indian or to the 
band as the case may be. 

Officials Prohibited from Trading. 

No official or employee of the Indian department, and no missionary 
employed in mission work among the Indians, and no school teacjier on an 
Indian reserve shall trade with any Indian or sell to him directly or indirectly 
any goods or supplies, cattle, or other animals ; penalty, the sums received 
from sale, etc., and costs of prosecution. 

P^ducation : 

The Governor in Council may make regulations to secure the compulsory 
attendance of Indian children at school, and providing for the punishment 
of parents and others who fail, refuse, or neglect to send such children 
to school. The Governor in Council may also establish industrial or 
boarding schools for Indians, and may provide for the application of 
annuities and interest moneys of children committed to such schools for 
the maintenance of such schools or the children themselves. 

Inciting Indians to Riotous Acts: 

Everyone is guilty of an indictable offence, and liable to two years' im- 
prisonment, who induces, incites, or stirs up any three or more Indians, 
non-treaty Indians, or half-breeds, apparently acting in concert (a) to 
make any recjuest or demand of any agent or servant of the government 
in a riotous, disorderly, or in a threatening manner, calculated to cause a 
breach of the peace ; or (b) to do any act calculated to cause a breach of 
the peace. 

Prostitution of Indian Women: 

Everyone is guilty of an indictable offence, and liable to a penalty not 
exceeding one hundred dollars and not less than ten dollars, or six months 
imprisonment (a) who being the keeper of any house, tent, or wigwam, 
allows or suffers any unenfranchised woman to be or remain in such house, 



95 



tent, or wigwam, with the intention of prostituting herself therein; or (b) 
who being an Indian woman prostitutes herself therein; or (c) who being 
an unenfranchised Indian woman, keeps, frequents, or is found in a dis- 
orderly house, tent, or wigwam used for such purpose. 

Every person who appears, acts, or behaves as master or mistress, or 
as the person who has the care or management of any such house, tent, 
or wigwam, in which any such Indian woman is, or remains for the purpose 
of prostituting herself therein, is deemed to be the keeper thereof, notwith- 
standing he or she is not, in fact, the real keeper thereof. 

Theft from Indian Graves: 

Everyone who steals or unlawfully injures or removes any image, bones, 
article or thing deposited in or near any Indian grave is guilty of an ofifence 
and liable, on summary conviction, for a first offence, to a penalty not 
exceeding three hundred dollars, or to three months imprisonment, and 
for d. subsequent offence to the same penalty and to six months imprison- 
ment at hard labor. 

Homestead and Pre-emption Rights: 

No Indian resident in the Province of Manitoba, the North West Terri- 
tories, or the District of Keewatin shall be held capable of having acquired, 
or of acquiring, a homestead or pre-emption surveyed or unsurveyed sec- 
tion in the Province of Manitoba, the North West Territories or the Dis- 
trict of Keewatin, or the right to share in the distribution of any lands 
allotted to half-breeds. 

Electoral Franchises: 

By the Franchise Act, 1898, 61 Vic. Cap. 14, section 5, for the purposes 
of any Dominion election held within the limits of any Province, the 
qualifications necessary to entitle any person to vote thereat shall be those 
estabhshed by the laws of that province as necessary to entitle that person 
to vote in the same part of the province at a provincial election. In New 
Brunswick, British Colombia and the Northwest Territory, Indians cannot 
vote. In most of the other provinces the franchise is extended only to 
enfranchised Indians. 

Member of Parliament: 

There is no statutory provision against an Indian as such being elected to 
or sitting and voting as a member of. Parliament. 

Municipal franchise : 

The only province in which an Indian as such is disqualified from voting 
in a municipal election, when he otherwise holds the same qualification as 
a white man, appears to be British Columbia, in which province he is 
disquahfied under the municipal elections Act (Cap. 68, R. S. B. C, 1897). 

Exemptions from Game Laws: 

In most of the provinces, the provisions of the Act do not apply to 
Indians in regard to any game for their own immediate use for food only, 
and for the reasonable necessity of the person killing the same and of 
his family, and not for the purposes of sale or traffic. 



06 



EXHIBIT C— Blank Forms. 



Note : The following are a few of the blank forms used by the Canadian 
Indian Department, which illustrate administrative methods described in 
this report, and which might be adopted in whole or in part to advantage 
in the administration of Indian afTairs in the United States. 



Form of Surrender of Part of Blackfoot Reserve. 



KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS 
THAT WE, the undersigned Chief and Principal men of 
The Blackfoot Band of Indians 

resident on our Reserve on the Bow River 

in the Province 
of Alberta and Dominion of Canada, 

for and acting on behalf of the whole people of our said Band in Council 
assembled, Do hereby release, remise, surrender, quit claim and yield up unto 
OUR Sovereign Lord the King, his Heirs and Successors forever, ALL AND 
SINGULAR, that certain parcel or tract of land and premises, situate, b'ing 
and being in the Blackfoot Indian Reserve, known and recorded as Reserve 
No. 146, in the Province of Alberta containing by admeasurement 

about 115,000 acres 
be the same more or less and being composed of 

Form No. 65. 



IN WITNESS WHEREOF, we have hereunto set our hands and affixed 
our seals this fifteenth day of June 

in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and ten. 



SIGNED, SEALED AND DELIVERED, "| 

IN THE PRESENCE OF 



97 



Form of Release Signed by Indians when Reserve Land is 
Surrendered. 



Dominion of Canada, 
Province of 



County of. 
To wit : 



Personally appeared before me, 
(Name of agent) 



of the. 



.of. 



in the province of. 



and .... 

(Names of Indians) 

Chiefs of the Band of Indians 

And the said 

(Name of agent) 
for himself saith : — 

That the annexed release or surrender was assented to 
by a majority of the male members of the said band of 
Indians of the full age of twenty-one years entitled to vote, 
all of whom were present at the meeting or council. 

That such assent was given at the meeting or council of 
the said Band summoned for that purpose and according 
to its rules or the rules of the Department. 

That the terms of the said surrender were interpreted 
to the Indians by an interpreter qualified to interpret from 
the English language to the language of the Indians. That 
he was present at such meeting or council and heard such 
assent given. 

That he was duly authorized to attend such council or 
meeting by the Deputy Superintendent General of Indian 
Affairs. 

That no Indian was present or voted at said council or 
meeting who was not a member of the Band or interested 
in the land mentioned in the said release or surrender. 

And the said 

(Names of Indians) 
say :— 

That the annexed release or surrender was assented to 
by them and a majority of the male members of the said 
Band of Indians of the full age of twenty-one years. 

That such assent was given at a meeting or council of 
the said Band of Indians for that purpose as hereinbefore 
stated, and held in the presence of the said 

(Name of agent) 
That no Indian was present or voted at such council or 
meeting who was not an habitual resident on the reserve 
of the said Band of Indians and interested in the land men- 
tioned in the release or surrender. 

That the terms of the said surrender were interpreted to 
the Indians by an interpreter qualified to interpret from the 
English language to the language of the Indians. 

That they are .- • • • 

(Chiefs or prmcipal men) 
of the said band of Indians and entitled to vote at the said 
meeting or council. 



Sworn before me by the deponents 

at the of 

in the County of 

this day of 

A. D. 19.... 



Declaration of Chief or Councillor. 



Dominion of Canada, 

District of 

Indian Agency. 



I, do 

solemnly declare that I will well and truly serve our Sov- 
ereign Lord the King, in the office of of 

the band of Indians, without 

favour or affection, malice, or ill will ; that I will strictly 
obey all the laws and regulations of our Sovereign Lord 
the King; that I will to the best of my ability endeavour 
to prevent all contraventions of the said laws and regulations 
by any member of my band ; that I will report all infractions 
of the laws and regulations at the earliest opportunity to 
the Indian Agent over me ; and that I will strive to advance 
the interests of all the Indians of my band morally and 
financially, both by precept and example, and generally ful- 
fil all the duties of the office to which I have been elected 
for an indefinite term, to the best of my skill and knowledge. 
That this declaration has been read through to me and 

explained to me both in the and 

languages, and I understand the nature of the said declaration. 



Declared before me at " 

in the District of 

this day of 

A. D. 19 , this declaration hav- 
ing been first read through by 
me to the deponent in the English 
language, which he appeared to 
clearly understand, 
or 
having been interpreted to him 

in my presence in the 

language, which he under- 
stood. 



99 

Application for Commutation of Annuity. 

THE SECRETARY, 

DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, 
OTTAWA, ONT. 

I, No 

of Band, in the 

Agency, now lawfully married to 

, a , having by 

virtue of my said marriage ceased to be an Indian woman within the 
meaning of the Indian Act, except in that I am still entitled, under Sec- 
tions 14 or 15 thereof, to share in the distribution of the annuity moneys 
of the said band, do hereby, under the provisions of the said section, apply 
to have my annuity commuted to me at ten years' purchase. 

Witness my hand at in the 

this day 

of , A. D. 19. . . . 

(Signature) 



I hereby certify that the foregoing application was signed by the said 

, in my presence, at the 

time and place mentioned therein, and that the applicant is, to my knowledge, 

lawfully married to the said , 

whose status is as stated. 

Indian Agent. 

Agency. 

19.... 

Form No. 34. 



100 



Consent of Band to Commutation of Annuity. 



Indian Reserve at. 



We, the undersigned, Chief and Councillors of the 

Band of Indians owning the Reserve situated at 

in the ^ 

composing a majority of the Chief and Councillors of the said 
Band, have by vote at a Council, summoned according to the 
Rules of the Band, and held in the presence of the Indian 

Agent for the locality, on the day 

of in the year of Our Lord 190...., 

granted on behalf of the aforesaid Band, consent to 

former member thereof, who is married to a 

a 

to commute for the annuity payable to her at ten years' pur- 
chase as provided for in Section lA of the Indian Act. 



Certified as to signatures and 
statements generally made 
herein by the Chief and 
Councillors, and as to na- 
tionality, as described here- 
in, of the above-named 
woman's husband. 

Indian Agent. 

Form No. 34 A. 



Chief 


Indian Agent. 


Councillor . 


■ 




Councillor 



101 



Application for Admission to Residential Indian Schools. 



191. 



Sir,— 

I hereby make application for admission of the imdermentioned child 

into the Residential School ; to 

remain therein for such term as the Department for Indian Affairs may 
deem proper; and I hereby consent that the principal or head teacher of 
the institution for the time being shall be the guardian of the said child, viz : — 

Indian name of child 

English name 

Age 



Name of Band 

No. of ticket under which child's annuity is paid. 

Father's full name and No 

Mother's full name and No 

Parents living or dead 

State of health 

Religion 



Speak English or not 

Present state of education 

Previously attended school for. 



(Signature of Parent or Guardian) 

I hereby certify that the above 
application for admission has been 
read over and interpreted to the 
parent or gardian and that the con- 
tents w^ere understood by him or 
her and that I witnessed his or 
her signature to this document. 



(Signature of Witness) 



I hereby approve of the admis- 
sion of the above child and certify 
that he is eligible to be ad- 
mitted as a grant earning pupil 



Supt. or Agent. 



♦Principal or other official of the school must not sign as witness. 

Note. — All the above particulars must be fully given, especially the "Name 
of Band" and "No. of ticket under which child's annuity is paid." 
Form 61. 



102 

CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH 



Agency. 
School. 
.. 191.. 



Annuity Ticket, Name and Number and Band of Parent or Guardian : 



Candidate's Name 

Age 

Height 

Weight 

State defects of limbs, if any 

State defects of hearing, if any 

State signs of scrofula or other forms of tubercular disease, if any 

Describe what cutaneous disease, if any 

State whether subj ect to fits 

State whether child has had smallpox 

State whether vaccinated, and, if so, in what year 

Is this candidate generally of sound and healthy constitution, and fitted to 
enter an Indian school? 



I certify that I have made a personal examination of the above named 
applicant, and that the answers set down by me are correct. 

M. D. 

N. B. — No child suffering from scrofula or any form of tubercular disease 
is to be admitted to school; if in any special case it is thought that this 
rule should be relaxed, a report should be made to the Department setting 
forth the facts. 



103 

[This form appears in triplicate, duplicate, original] 

Indian Location Ticket. 

Issued Under Section Indian Act 



TRIPLICATE FOR DEPARTMENT 



BE IT KNOWN BY THESE PRESENTS that 

of the Indian Reserve 

in the 

in the 

in the Province of 

and Dominion of Canada, being a member of the 

having been allotted by the Band owning the Reserve, with the approval 

of the Superintendent General, 

on the aforesaid Reserve, containing by admeasurement 

acres of land, more or less, is hereby located 
for the same, under the provisions of Sections 21, 22 and 23, of the Indian 
Act, Chap. 81, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906. 
Given under my Hand and Seal at Ottawa, this 

day of in the year of Our Lord, 

one thousand nine hundred and 

Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs. 



104 
Plan of Sale of Surplus Indian Lands. 

DESCRIPTIVE LIST 
OF 

BLACKFOOT INDIAN LANDS 
For Sale by Public Auction 

AT 

GLEICHEN, ALBERTA 

ON 

WEDNESDAY, THE 5TH DAY OF JUNE, 1912, AT 10 O'CLOCK, A. M. 



The lands will be sold in parcels of one quarter section each, and coal and 
mining rights in connection therewith will be reserved from sale. 

The Department reserves the right to withdraw any of the lands from the 
sale. 

The general description of these lands is considered to be substantially cor- 
rect, but intending purchasers are advised to personally inspect any and all 
parcels they intend to purchase. 

TERMS OF PAYMENT. 

One-tenth in cash at time of sale, and the balance in nine, equal, annual 
instalments, with interest at the rate of five per cent per annum on the 
balance of the purchase money from time to time remaining unpaid. Scrip 
or warrants will not be accepted in payment. 

Upon a parcel of land being knocked down, the purchaser shall immediately 
deposit the sum of One Hundred Dollars with the Clerk of Sale ; otherwise 
the parcel will at once be put up again. For this purpose intending pur- 
chasers should provide themselves with marked cheques on chartered banks 
of Canada, made to their own order and payable at par at the point of sale ; 
or with bank notes of as large a denomination as possible. The balance 
of the cash instalment must in every case be paid before the close of the 
sale, failing which the deposit of One Hundred Dollars will be forfeited, 
and the land withdrawn from sale. 

Lists and plans of the lands to be sold may be had on application to the 
undersigned, or to J. A. Markle, Inspector of Indian Agencies, Red Deer, 
to J. H. Gooderham, Indian Agent, Gleichen, Alta., or to the Dominion 
Lands Agents, Calgary, Lethbridge or Medicine Hat. 

J. D. McLEAN, 
Asst. Deputy and Secretary. 
Department of Indian Affairs, 
Ottawa, 12th March, 1912. 
20748—1^ 



105 
Relief of Destitute. 



REUEF. 



lowing the distribution of the following articles to the Indians at 
Cheque No $ 



NAME. 


s3 


:33 


a 


Is 


k 




k 






Signature of 
Recipient, 
or Witness. 



























































































































































































































































































































































































































































I hereby certify that the supplies shown in the above statement were distributed by 
me; that the recipients were Indians, and were entitled by reason of their destitute cir- 
cumstances to this relief; that the supplies were in good order and condition, and the 
prices charged were fair and just. 



Form 22 B. 



Supt. 



Agent. 



106 



Return of Conviction for Supplying Intoxicants. 



V5 2;c 



CSS 



107 



Trader's License. 



DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, 
Ottawa, 



THIS LICENSE is issued in accordance with sub-section 2 of section 
134 of the Indian Act as added to by section 10, cap. 29, 53 Vic, in favour of 

of 
in the 

and the said is hereby 

authorized to trade on the terms herein described with the Indians on the 



and to erect thereon, at such point or points as the 

may approve of, a building or buildings for the purpose of trading. 

This license is issued on the distinct understanding that the holder thereof 
will sell to or barter with the Indians only serviceable and useful articles ; 
that no trinkets or other trifling articles will be sold to or bartered with or 
given by the licensee to the Indians ; that all goods or articles used by 
the licensee in or in connection with the licensee's trading with the Indians 
shall be of good merchantable quality, and that the same shall be sold to or 
bartered with them in accordance with a scale of fair and reasonable prices 
to be charged for the said goods by the licensee, and to be approved by the 

It is also to be understood that no inferior goods of any description what- 
ever shall be used in or in connection with such trade or bartering. 

The holder of this license, or the employees of the said holder, shall not 
introduce among, sell or give to, or barter or trade with the Indians, or any 
of them, any intoxicating liquor or intoxicants of any description or kind 
whatsoever; and neither the holder of this license nor the employees of 
the said holder shall in any other respect violate the provisions of the 
Indian Act or of the amendments thereto. 

This Hcense will be terminable at the expiration of from 

its date, provided it be not previously revoked by the Superintendent General 
of Indian Affairs under the authority of the aforesaid sub-section. 

Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs. 



108 
Application for Withdrawal of Savings. 



I, the undersigned, hereby make application to the Department of Indian 
Affairs for the withdrawal of my savings. 



(Applicant's signature) 
Witness, 

1. Ex-pupil's name in full 

2. Band 

3. Number 

4. School 

5. Number 

6. Occupation 

7. Proposed expenditure of savings 



Agent's report as to circumstances of applicant and recommendation as to 
withdrawal : 

Agency, 

191.... 



To the Secretary, 
Department of Indian Affairs, 

Ottawa. 
Form No. 3. 



Agent. 



109 



Indian Agent's Credit Certificate to Indians. 



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Ill 

Form for Loan of Band Property to Individual Members of Band. 
CONDITIONS. 



I, the undersigned 

a member of the Band, 

hereby acknowledge that I have no individual proprietory rights in the 
within mentioned property apart from the common ownership of the band, 
and that I hold and use the said property during the pleasure of the Indian 
Agent, who may at any time, when he considers that there is justification 
for so doing, remove the said property from my custody and use, and I 
unreservedly consent and agree that in the event of my selling or in any 
way disposing of the said property, or doing or allowing any damage which 
might have been prevented or avoided by the exercise of reasonable care 
and precaution on my part to be done to the said property, any annuity 
monies which I would otherwise be entitled to receive may be retained by 
the Agent and applied to the replacement or repair of the property sold 
or disposed of or damaged, as the case may be. 



Signature of Indian. 



I, Agent for the 

Agency, acting for and on behalf of the ' 

Band, hereby undertake and agree 

to leave the within mentioned property of the Band in the undisturbed cus- 
tody and use of 

so long as to the best of my knowledge and belief he requires the use of 
the said property, and retains the same in good condition and repair. 



Signature of Indian Agent. 



112 

Form of Quit Claim Used by the Council of the Six Nations to 
Secure Loan of Band Funds to Individual Indians. 

THIS INDENTURE made in duplicate this day of 

19 
between 

of the Township of in the County of 

hereinafter called the "Borrower ," 

of the First Part; 
And of the Township of 

Tuscarora, in the County of Brant. Speaker of the Six Nations 

Council, hereinafter called the "Speaker," 

of the Second Part. 

WHEREAS the Six Nations Chiefs at their Council meeting held on the 
day of , 19 , 

decided to advance the sum of $ to the Borrower from the funds 

of the Six Nations held in trust by the Government of the Dominion of 
Canada, upon the security of the lands and improvements hereinafter men- 
tioned, of which the Borrower the recognized owner , and the interest 
money of the said Borrower and h family, for the purpose of building a 
on said lands. 

NOW THEREFORE THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETH that in 
consideration of the premises and of the sum of Dollars 

of lawful money of Canada now paid to the said Borrower the said 
Borrower do hereby Grant, Release and Quit Claim unto the Speaker 
all h Estate, Right, Title, Interest, Claim and Demand whatsoever of, 

in, to and out of all and singular that certain parcel or tract of land and 
premises situate, lying and being the of Lot No. 

in the Concession of the Township of 
in the County of containing acres more or less. 

Together with the appurtenances thereto belonging or appertaining. 

TO HAVE AND TO HOLD, the aforesaid lands and premises with 
all and singlar the appurtenances thereto belonging or appertaining unto and 
to the use of the said Speaker and his successors as such forever, subject 
to the promises and agreements hereinafter contained. 

1. The Borrower hereby promise and agree to repay the said sum 
of $ together with interest thereon at the rate of Six per cent 
per annum, in five equal annual instalments of each, payable yearly on 
the 1st day of October in each and every year. 

2. The Borrower further agree and hereby authorize and request 
the Department of Indian Affairs to retain the Interest Money of h self 
and h family, being No. Band of the Six Nations, 

persons on the List, until the said loan of $ with in- 

terest as aforesaid is fully repaid and satisfied. 

3. And the Borrower do further promise and agree to insure the 
buildings on said premises to their full insurable value or the full amount 
of the sum hereby advanced in a Fire Insurance Company approved of 
by the Department of Indian Affairs, and to pay all premiums and renewal 
premiums for Insurance as the same may become due and will assign unto 
the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs the policy of Insurance, and 
in default of so insuring, the said Superintendent General may insure and 
pay all premiums, and the amount thereof shall be added to the debt hereby 
secured, and shall bear interest at the said rate from the date of such pay- 
ment. 

4. And the Borrower agree and hereby authorize the Department of 
Indian Affairs to withhold the sum of Ten Dollars from said loan for 
the purpose of building a chimney in said house, so as to make it insurable, 
or until satisfied that a chimney has been built. 

5. And it is further agreed that the Borrower may hold, occupy and 



113 



enjoy the said lands until default in any of the payments of principal or 
interest; and in case of default as aforesaid, it is hereby agreed that the 
Speaker may sell the said land and premises or any part thereof with 
the improvements thereon, the consent of the Six Nations Council being 
first had and obtained, and give such conveyance as may be necessary to 
transfer the right, title and interest therein. 

6. And it is further agreed that on payment as aforesaid, the said Speaker 
shall reconvey the said lands and premises, and improvements thereon, to 
the said Borrower . 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said parties hereto have hereunto set 
their hands and seals. 



Signed, Sealed and Delivered, 
in the Presence of 



Indian Office, Brantford, 



I hereby certify that, should the above mentioned loan amounting to 
$ be granted, the amount of capital outstanding under loans, 

will not exceed the gross amount of Fifty 

thousand Dollars. 

Superintendent. 



114 



Order Form Used on Blackfoot Reserve to Obtain Credit for 
Indians. 



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115 

Form of Estimate Submitted to Deputy Superintendent-General 
Indian Affairs by Indian Agents. 

ESTIMATES 



SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA AND 
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. 



, Agency. 



N. B. — Agents are reminded that the utmost care must be taken to foresee 
and provide for all probable requirements, as it will not be possible to enter- 
tain any request involving expenditure for which provision has not been made. 



INDEX 



Vote Page 

I Annuities and commutations 1 

II Implements, tools and harness 2 

III Field and garden seeds 3 

IV Live stock for Indians 4 

V Supplies for working and destitute Indians — 

Clothing 5 

Provisions 6 

Ammunition and twine 7 

Medicines, medical attendance and hospitals 8 

VI Triennial clothing 9 

VII Boarding schools 11 

Day schools — Teachers' salaries 12 

Biscuits, rice, &c 13 

New buildings X 14 

Additions and repairs 3 

IX Sioux 15 

X Grist and Saw Mills 16 

XI General expenses — Salaries 

Miscellaneous L 17 

Rations 

Fuel, feed, &c 

Live stock } 18 

Vehicles, harness, &c 3 18 

Buildings 19 



116 

Indian Agent's Monthly Report. 

DECLARATION OF INDIAN AGENT. 



PROVINCE OF. 



I, 

of do solemnly 

declare that I am Indian Agent for 

That the attached statement is a correct transcript of the cash-book kept at 
this Agency for the month of 19 

That the receipts set down in the said statement cover all amounts received 
by me during the said month from any source whatever for or on behalf of 
Indians. 

That each Indian named in this statement is entitled to the amount set 
opposite his or her name; that in the case of payments to other persons 
on behalf of Indians the said Indians have received full value for the amount 
so paid ; and that each and every person to whom cash was paid was properly 
entitled to receive the amount set opposite his name, having given full value 
therefor. 

And I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing it to be true, 
and knowing that it is of the same force and effect as if made under oath 
and by virtue of "The Canada Evidence Act." 



Indian Agent. 



DECLARED before me at 

in the said Province of 

this day 

of 191 

J. P. 



117 



Farmer's Return for Month of 



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121 
Seed Grain. 



STATEMENT showing the quantity of each of the following Grains supplied to the 

undermentioned Indians at Cheque No 

$ Date 191 



NAME. 


'5 


1 


1 










11 


Signature of Recipient or 
Witness of Delivery. 



















































































































































































































































































































































































































I hereby certify that the Seed Grain shown in the above statement was distributed 
by me; that the recipients were Indians and were entitled by reason of destitute cir- 
cumstances to this seed; that the Seed Grain supplied was of good quality, and that the 
prices charged were fair and just. 

Form 21 C. Agent 



122 

Form Letter Disposing of Beef Funds. 

DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 
Ottawa, 



FORM Q. 



Sir, 

I beg to inform you that Agent of 

the Agency, recently forwarded for payment beef 

voucher No. . amounting to $ . $ of the amount of 

this voucher has been placed to the credit of the Receiver General on account 
of the Bull Fund, and $ has been credited to the Ranching Fund, 

while a cheque. No. for $ has been sent to the Agent to 

pay the Indians who furnished the beef. 

A copy of the memorandum attached to the voucher is enclosed herewith. 
Your obedient servant, 

J. D. McLean, 
Asst. Deputy and Secretary. 



123 



Comparative Statement of Live Stock. 

ACCOMPANYING INSPECTOR'S RF.PORT. 



.Agency. 



Date 



ON HAND LAST INSPECTION, AND INCREASE. 


No. 


BAND. 
Date last Inspection. ., 


Balance 

last 

Inspection. 


Born. 






Total. 




Calves. 


Foals. 
















1 
































































■ 


































































































DECREASE. 



Balance on hand. 



Inspector. 



124 

Permit to Sell Horses. 

BLOOD AGENCY, 

MACLEOD, Alberta, 191 

is hereby granted permission to 

. .sell Mare Gelding Stallion. Weight 

Colour Branded : 

Right Left Hip Jaw Neck Thigh 

to for $ , subject to the fol- 
lowing conditions, viz : — 

That the Stockman or Farm Instructor shall have inspected the animal 
and signed the certificate below as to correctness of description of the 
animal as stated above, such certificate to be countersigned by the Indian 
Agent, before payment is made. 

That after the agreement has been reached between the Indian and the 
buyer, the check or other evidence of payment shall be attached to this 
contract and the same returned to the Agency Office. When satisfied that 
such settlement is full, fair and just compensation, the certificate of approval 
below will be signed and the contract returned to the purchaser to be retained 
by him as a bill of sale. 

That after the approval of the sale is made, the purchaser shall cause the 
old brand to be properly vented within five (5) days from the date hereof 
unless the animal is to be shipped or otherwise removed from the Reservation 
promptly. After the venting of the old brand the animal may be rebranded 
by the purchaser with his own brand, if he so desires. 

That if for any reason the sale is not completed within five (5) daj-^s 
from the date hereof, this contract will be returned to the Agency promptly 
for cancellation. 

That no sale will be permitted upon terms diflferent from those named 
herein, and any alteration or modification of this contract will operate im- 
mediately as a cancellation of same. 

Inspected and found to be in accordance with the permit and terms of 

settlement approved 191 

Countersigned : — 



Stockman or Farm Inspector. 
Indian Agent. 



125 







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126 



Individual Holders of Live Stock. 



File Hills Agency. 



Little Black Bear Band. 



Dated March 31st. 1914. 





NAMIv. 


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110 



127 



Individual Live Stock Record. 

[Bound in book, left-hand page.] 



BRANDS, ) Department.... 
and position >■ 
on Animal. J Private (mark) 



left Rib. Name of Indian, Petwokshane. 







From Whom 
Received. 

Numb^T^f Cer- 
tificate. 

Calves to be trans- 
ferred to column 
for 1-year-olds 
before the next 
calving season 
commences. 


RECEIPTS. 






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Date. 






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1 


March 


31 


On hand 










1 






1 




2 


2 










Apr. 


1 


Raised one year. 










1 






2 




2 
















Found entered as 




































missing- before 




































in error 












1 




















Sept. 


30 


Receipts 










2 


1 




3 




4 


2 














Issues 
















1 




2 


2 














Balance 










2 


1 




2 




2 













[Bound in book, right-hand page.] 
Fay Ticket No. 3 of Little Black Bear -Band. 











ISSUES. 






State below how animals 

are disposed of. 

Give date and number of 

authority to kill or sell. 

Cause of death, &c. 


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Olds. 


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Date. 
1914. 


1 


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ll 

1 


1 


1 




Apr. 


1 


Raised on year.... 


















1 




2 


2 





























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































128 



File Hills Agency 



Peepeekesis Band 
Freid Deiter, Name, No 



DATF. 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


Wheat, acres sown 


60 


80 


126 


110 


85 


35 


70 






Wheat, bushels harvested.. 


1,500 


2,616 


1,060 


1,280 


3,422 


394 


1,250 






Oats, acres sown 


30 


30 


45 


80 


130 


180 


120 


265 


200 






Oats, bushels harvested... 


900 


1,460 


900 


1,530 


4,940 


6,778 


2,360 


4,645 


6,388 












10 


7 


40 




















100 


100 


768 










Gardens & Potatoes, acres 


Vz 


'A 


1 


y^ 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 




30 


30 


50 


20 




40 












Summerfallow, acres 


50 


35 


30 


90 


85 


30 


85 


110 


90 


Fall plowed 












35 






49 


Horses 


4 




10 


11 




1 


12 


Bulls 












































Steers, 3 years old 






! 












Steers, 2 years old 




















Steers, 1 year old 




















Bull Calves 










































3 






Heifers, 2 years old 


















1 


Heifers, 1 year old 
























Heifer Calves 


1 


1 
















Total Cattle 


i 


i 










6 


Sheep 






























































80 






Hoi se 


















1 







Stables 


i 














2 


Storehouses, granaries 


















5 


Wells 


















2 


Seeder 


















1 


Binder 
















1 






















































Wagon.. . 


















2 






Plows 


















3 






























Double Harness 
















4 


Sleighs 


















2 


Buggies 


















1 



129 



MEMORANDA. 

Re V. Deiter. 

Admitted 1901. Crops, 1902, 824 bushels. 

1903, 1,994 bushels. 

1904, 1,275 bushels. 
In 1907 the crop was nearly all frozen. 
In 1908 the crop badly frozen. 

In 1910 two horses killed by lightning. 

In 1911 adverse threshing conditions, rain and snow, grain went through the 
machine. 



In 1912 a cyclone blew out a lot of grain. 



130 



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134 

Prize List for File Hills Agency Exhibition, August, 1911. 

Class A— 

Yoke of oxen 

Team of heavy horses 

Team of drivers 

Best kept team and harness 

Mare and foal 

Brood mare 

Single driver 

Yearling colt 

Saddle horse 

Two-year-old colt 

General purpose horses 

Three-year-old colt 

Milch cow 

Pigs 

Hens 

Ducks 
Class B— 

Wheat 

Oats 

Potatoes 

Onions 

Carrots 

Turnips 

Cabbage 

Wheat in straw 

Oats in straw 

Beets 
Class C— 

Eggs 

Bread 

Buns 

Butter 

Cake (layer) 

Cake (fruit) 

Jam 
Class D— Class E— 

Patch quilt Collection of beadwork 

Lady's apron (kitchen) Moccasins 

Lady's apron (white) Saddle 

Lady's skirt Fire bag 

Flannel shirt Leggings 

Stiflf shirt Necklaces 

Corset cover Model teepee 

Chemise Tanning 

Nightgown Baskets, large 

Tea apron Baskets, small 

Crochet work, silk Rush mats 

cotton Rag mats 

wool Table mats 

Embroidery work Stone pipes 

Socks 

Mitts 

Blouse, silk 

Blouse, cotton 

Child's dress 

Baby's dress 

Boy's dress 

Cushions 

Lady's wrapper 

Lady's dress 

Child's pinafore 

Baby's bonnet 



135 






5S 



<§< 



136 
Information and Complaint Under Oath, 

[coat of arms] 
INFORMATION AND COMPLAINT UNDER OATH. 



Canada 

Pkovince of 

County of 



The information and complaint of 

of , taken this 

day of , in the year 

before the undersigned 

{otie or two.) of His Majesty's justices of the peace in and 

for the said county of 

who saith that 

(State name and 
description of the 
person charged 
with offence; its 
nature — following 
closely the word- 
ing of the 
Statute violated — 
and the place and 
date the offence 
is alleged to have 
been committed. 
See Sec. 28 of 
Indian Act as to 
cases in which 
name is not 
known.) 

Sworn before this day and year first above mentioned 

at 



J. r 

(Form C, Sec. 558 of the Criminal Code.) 



137 
Summons to a Witness. 

[coat op arms] 
SUMMONS TO A WITNESS. 



Canada : 
Province of 



County of. 



(Name and ad- To 

dress of witness.) of 

Whereas information has been laid before the undersigned 

, a justice of the peace in 

and for the said county of , 

(Name of de- that 

fendant.) 

(Matter of com- 
plaint stated 
briefly.) 

and it has been made to appear to upon , 

(Complainant or that you are Hkely to give material evidence for 

defendant.) : These are therefore to require 

(me or us.) you to be and to appear before on 

next, at o'clock 

in the noon, at , 

or before such other justice or justices of the peace of the 

same county of , 

as shall then be there, to testify what you know concerning 

the said charge so made against the said 

as before said. Herein 

fail not. 

(my or our.) Given under hand and seal this 

day of , in the year 

.., at , 

in the county aforesaid. 



/. P. 
(Form K., Sec. 580 of the Criminal Code.) 



138 

Form of Summons Used by Chiefs of Six Nations. 

vSUMMONS TO WITNKSS. 

To 

You are hereby notified and required to appear personally before the Chiefs 

of the Six Nations Reserve at their Council House, Ohsweken, on 

the day of 

I'Jl at the hour of 10 o'clock in the forenoon, to testify the truth accord- 
ing to j'our knowledge in a certain matter in dispute in relation to 

in the Township of a portion of the Six 

Nations Reserve. 

And also that you do diligently and carefully search for and bring with you 
and produce at the time and place aforesaid, all books, documents, letters 
and paper writings whatsoever in your possession, custody or power, in any 
wise relating to the said matter. 



Witness my hand at Ohsweken, Six Nations Reserve, this. 
day of 191 



Secretary, Six Nations Council. 



139 
Warrant for a Witness in the First Instance. 

[coat op arms] 



Canada : 
Province of 



County of. 



To all or any of the constables and other peace officers in the 
said county of 



Whereas information has been laid before the undersigned 

a justice of the peace in and 

for the said county of 

(Name of defend-that 

ant.) 

(Matter of com- 
plaint stated 
briefly.) 

and it having been made to appear to upon oath 

(Name and resi- that of 

dence of witness.) is likely to give material evidence 

for the prosecution, and that it is probable that the said 
will not attend to give evi- 
dence unless compelled to do so ; These are therefore to 

command you to bring and have the said 

(me or us.) before on at 

o'clock in the 

noon, at or before such 

other justice or justices of the peace for the same county, 
as shall then be there, to testify what he knows concerning 

the said charge so made against the said 

as aforesaid. 

(my or our.) Given under hand and seal this 

day of in the year 

at in 

the county aforesaid. 



/. P. 
(Form M., Sec. 583 of the Criminal Code.) 



140 
Summons to Defendant. 

[coat of arms] 

SUMMONS TO DEFENDANT. 



Canada : 
Provincf. of y To 

County OF of 



WHEREAS you have this day hcen cliarged before the 

undersigned , 

a justice of the peace in and for the said county of 

(State shortly and , for that you on 

plainly the offence^t 

with which the These are therefore to command you, in His Majesty's name, 

defendant is to be and appear before on 

charged.) at o'clock in the 

Une or us) noon, at or before such other 

justice or justices of the peace for the same county of 

as shall then be there, to answer to the 

said charge and to be further dealt with according to law. 
Herein fail not. 

(»iv or our) Given under hand and seal, this 

day of in the year , 

at in the county 

aforesaid. 

J. P. 

Form E, Sec. 562 of the Criminal Code.) 



141 
Warrant to Search. 

[coat oi- arms] 
WARRANT TO SEARCH. 



Canada : 
Province of 



County of. 



WHEREAS it appears on the oath of. 



of. 

to suspect that. 



that there is reason 



(Describe things 
to be searched for 
and offence in re- 
spect of wliich 
search is made.) 



are concealed in. 



(As the justice 
shall direct.) 



.at. 



This is. therefore, to authorize and require you to enter 

between the hours of into the said 

premises, and to search for the said things, and to bring 

them before or some other justice of the 

peace. 

Dated at in the said county 

of , this 

day of in the year 



./. P. 



To. 



of. 



Form I, Sec. 569 of the Criminal Code.) 



142 
Information to Obtain a Search Warrant. 

[coat of arms] 
IXI'ORMATION TO OBTAIN A SEARCH WARRANT. 



Canada 
Provinck of 



County of. 



(Name, address The iiiforniatioii of 

and occupation of yf , in the said county 

person laying taken 

information. this day of , in the 

year , before 

Esquire justice of the peace in and 

for the county of , who says that 

(Describe things 
■o he searched for 
md offence in 
respect of which 
search is made.) 

and tliat he has just and reasonable cause to suspect, and 
Describe place or suspccts, that the said goods and chattels, or some part of 

places to be them, arc concealed in tlic 

searched.) of , in the said county 

(Here add the 
causes of sus- 
picion, whatever 
they may be.) 
(he or she.) Wherefore prays that a search warrant may be 

granted to him to search the 

(Describe as of the said as aforesaid, for the 

above.) said goods and chattels so concealed, as aforesaid. 

Sworn before me the day and year first above mentioned at 

, in the said county of 



J. F 
Form J., Sec. 5G9 of the Criminal Code.) 



143 
Warrant of Commitment. 

[coat oi- arms] 
WARRANT OF COMMITMENT. 



Canada : 
Province of 



County of. 



To the constable of and to the 

keeper of the at 

in the said county of 

Whereas 

(Name of de- was this day charged before me 

fendant.) one of His Majesty's justices of the peace in and for the 
said county of on the oath of 

(Matter of com- of 

plaint.) and others for that 

(Name of de- These are therefore to command you the said constable to 

fendant.) take the said 

(Lockup or gaol and him safely to convey to the 

as the case may at 

be.) aforesaid, and there to deliver him to the keeper thereof, 

together with this precept: And 1 do hereby command you 

the said keeper of the said 

to receive the said 

into your custody in the said • • • 

and there safely keep him until he shall be thence delivered 
by due course of law. 

Given under my hand and seal this 

day of i" the year _• • • • 

at in the county aforesaid. 



(Form v., Sec. 596 of the Criminal Code.) 



144 

Warrant to Apprehend Defendant in First Instance. 

[coat oi* arms] 
WARRANT TO APPREHEND DEEICNDANT IN FIRST INSTANCE. 



Canada : 
Province of , 



County or 



To all or any of the constables or other peace officers in tlic 
said count}' of 

(Name of de- WhKREAS 

fendant.) of has this day been charged upon 

(Address of de- oath before tlie undersigned 

fendant.) ^ justice of tlie peace in and for the said County of 

for that he, on , 

at , did 

(State shortly and 

plainly the offence 

with which the 

defendant is 

charged.) 

These are therefore to command you, in His Majesty's 
name, forthwith to apprehend the said 

(me or us.) and to bring him before 

(or some other justice of the peace in and for the said county 

of ), to answer unto the said 

charge, and to be further dealt with according to law. 

(.ATy or our.) Given under hand and seal this 

day of , in 

the year , at , 

in the county aforesaid. 



J. P. 
(Form F, Sec. 56Li of the Criminal Code.) 



145 
Warrant to Apprehend Defendant when Summons is Disobeyed. 

[coat oi' arms] 

WARRANT ITO APPREHEND DEFENDANT WHEN SUMMONS 
IS DISOBEYED. 



Canada 
Province of 

County oe 



CName and ad- 
dress of defend- 
ant.) 

COr name the 
justice or justices, 
as the case may 
be, who issued 
the summons.) 
(State shortly 
and plainly the 
offence with 
which defendant 
is charged.) 
{he, the said J. 
P., we, or they 
the said J. P.'s. 
(me, us, him or 
til cm.) 



To all or any of the constables and other peace officers in the 

said county of 

WHEREAS on the day of.' 

of 

was charged before the undersigned 

a justice of the peace in and for the 

said county of for that 



And whereas 
did then issue. 



0/;.v, our, his or 
their.) 



(my or our.) 



. . sijmmons to the said 

commanding him in His Majesty's 

name to be and appear before on 

at o'clock in the noon, r.t 

, or before such other justice or justices 

of the peace as should then be there, to answer to the said 
charge and to be further dealt with according to law ; And 

whereas the said 

has neglected to be or appear at the time and place appointed 
in and by the said summons, although it has no-.v been proved 

to upon oath that the said summons ivas duly served 

upon the said 

These are therefore to command you in H's .Majesty's name 

forthwith to apprehend the said 

and to bring him before or some other 

justice of the peace in and for the said county of . . . , 

, to answer the said charge, and to be 

further dealt with according to law. 

Given under hand and seal, this 

day of , in the year , at 

, in the county aforesaid. 



(Form G, Sec. 5G3 of the Criminal Code.) 



/. P. 



146 
Conviction when the Punishment is by Imprisonment. 

[coat of arms] 
CONVICTION WHEN THE PUNISHMENT IS BY IMPRISONMENT. 



Canada : 



PrOVINCI- 01* 

County of. 



Be it remembered on the day of 

in the year , at 

in the said county 

is convicted before the undersigned 

a Justice of the Peace in and 

Name of person for the said county, for that he the said 

convicted.) 

(State the offence 

and the time and 

place where it 

was committed.) 

and I adj udge the said for his 

said offence to be imprisoned in the comtnon gaol of the said 

county, at in the county of 

for the term of and 1 also 

adj udge the said to pay to 

the said the sum of 

for his costs in this behalf, and if the said 

sum for costs are not paid "! 



(forthufith 
or before 
next.) 

(•or inasmuch as*i order that the said sum be levied by distress and the sale 

it is now made 

to answer to mc 

that the issuing 

of a warrant of 

distress in this 

behalf would be 

ruinous to the 



of the goods and chattels of the said. 

and in default of sufficient distress in that be- 
half* I adj udge the said to be 

imprisoned in the said common gaol 

for the term of to comiucnce at and 

from the term of his imprisonment aforesaid, unless the said 
sum for costs is sooner paid. 

said Given under my hand and seal the day and year first above 

and his family.) mentioned at in the 

county aforesaid. 



/. y 



(Form X. X., Sec. 859 of the Criminal Code.) 



147 



Conviction for a Penalty to be Levied by Distress and in De- 
fault of Sufficient Distress, by Imprisonment. 

[coat op arms] 

CONVICTION FOR A PENALTY TO BE LEVIED BY DISTRESS AND 
IN DEFAULT OF SUFFICIENT DISTRESS, BY IMPRISONMENT. 



Canada : 



Province oi- 
County of. 



(Name of de- 
fendant.) 
(Matter of ci 
plaint stated 
briefly.) 



Be it remembered that on the 

day of , in the year 

at 

in the said County 

is convicted before the under- 
signed a Justice of the Peace for the said County, for that 
the said 



(Name of com 
plainant.) 



and 1 adjudge the said , for his said 

offence to forfeit and pay the sum of $ 

to be paid and appHed according to law 

and also to pay to the said 

the sum of 

for his costs in this behalf; and if the said several sums are 

( f orwith, or with- not paid 

in such time as I order that the same be levied by distress and sale of the 

the court orders.) goods and chattels of the said 

and in default of sufficient distress I adjudge the said 

to be imprisoned in the 

at 

in the said County of for the 

term of unless the said 

several sums and all costs and charges of the said distress 

are sooner paid. 

Given under my hand and seal, the day and year first above 

mentioned, at 

in the County aforesaid. 



/. F. 



(Form V. V., Sec. 859 of the Criminal Code.) 



148 

Conviction for a Penalty, and in Default of Payment, 
Imprisonment. 

[coat oi- arms] 

C0N\'1CTI0N FOR A PHNALTY, AND IN DEFAULT OF PAYAIENT 
IMPRISONMENT. 



Canada : 
Province of 



County of. 



Be it remembered that on the 

day of ill the year 

, at , 

(Xamc of person in the said county , is convicted 

convicted.) 

(Or justices if before the undersigned , 

more than one.) a justice of the peace for the said county, for that he the said 

(State the ofTencc 
and the time and 
place when and 
where com- 
mitted.) 

(Or wc if more and I adjudge the said for his 

than one justice.) 

(State the pen- said ofifence to forfeit and pay the sum of 

ally.) 

to be paid and apphed according to law : and also to pay to 
the said 

(State the costs.) the sum of for his costs in this 

(Forthwith or on behalf ; and if the several sums are not paid 

or before the 

next.) 

(IVe if more than J adjudge the said 

one justice.) 

to be 

imprisoned in the common gaol of the said county at 

, in the said county of 

, for the term of 

, unless the 

said sums and the cost and charges of conveying the said 

to the said common 

gaol are sooner paid. 

(my or our.) Given under hand and seal, the day and 

year first above mentioned at , 

in the county aforesaid. 



y. F 

(Form W. W., Sec. 859 of the Criminal Code.) 











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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




005 503 750 4 



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